Chapter 6: Early societies in the Americas and Oceania

1. What is a civilization and what are defining characteristics of a civilization? Civilizations are large organizations with complex social systems. The characteristics are large populations, art and architecture, written language, division of labor, and social classes.

2. Where did the early civilizations of chapter 6 develop and why did they develop in those locations they choose to live Mesoamerica which includes Modern Mexico to Honduras and El Salvador They also choose Australia and New Guinea. They are all surrounded by water, the Olmecs used that to their advantage as an unlimited source if water and with a food source (fish). They all chose areas with an advantage to

3. What is a state. Who ruled the early of chapter 6 3. What is a state? Who ruled the early of chapter 6? Which segments of society usually supported the ruler? A State is politically organized community living under the same government system. The rulers were normally Kings and Priests.

4. Was you state able to expand and conquer neighboring states 4. Was you state able to expand and conquer neighboring states? Why/why not? Fought against themselves Society was eventually destroyed In time also abandoned their own cities More peaceful

5. What role did pastoral civilizations play in regards to building empires in chapter 6? Had early agriculture NO domesticated animals NO wheeled vehicles Rulers power was shown with pyramids

6.How did culture play a role in unifying populations? Olmecs disappeared in 100 BCE arose Attracted permanent residence Traded in all parts of Mesoamerica Written languages and complied a body of astronomical

7. What architectural forms did your early civilizations produce? The Maya calendar by a priest to understand human events Maya writing inscription Maya creation of myths = gods create myths Maya did sacrifices believing that more water would be sent from gods

8. Which social class encouraged the development of art in your ancient civilizations? Maya developed many arts during that civilization Priest developed the Maya calendar Priests used the calendars, writing and mathematics.

9. What form of writing developed in your ancient civilization? Maya Writing Used ideographic elements and symbols

10. What was the relationship between literature and cultural in your ancient civilization? Maya Writing Contained both ideographic (like Chinese characters) and symbols for syllables Maya scribes wrote works of history, poetry and myth. Also kept genealogical, administrative, and astronomical records. Writing survives today in form of inscriptions on temples and monuments. Written books were destroyed by Spanish Conquerors in hopes of undermining native religious beliefs. Culture Myth- Popd Vuh- thought that god has created humans out of maize and water, God kept world going and maintained agricultural cycle in exchange for sacrifices of humans. Maya Calendar- A solar year of 365 days governed the agricultural cycle garitual year of 260 days governed daily affairs by organizing time into ‘’ twenty months’’ – 13 days.

10. What was the relationship between literature and cultural in your ancient civilization? Cont. Culture They thought that the calendar determined the fortune of activities Bloodletting Rituals- war captives – believe gods will send rain to water crops such as maize. Maya Ball Game Mostly men (teams of Zoru) Popel rubber ball through ring w/out the use of hands Played for sport purposes/bets Or political affairs – captives played for their lives – ritual- who ever lost would be sacrificed.

11. What pre-600 B.C.E religions strongly influenced later eras? Olmec traditions influenced later Mesoamerica societies Later on eras adopted Olmecs calendars to their own use. Played the ball game and expanded Olmecs’ graphic symbols. Carried out human sacrifices (Religious Rituals) Recognized earth and air rain god.

12. What trade routes and outside people did your early civilization utilize? Networks of long distance trade linked the new urban and extended their influence to all of Mesoamerica. Trade- central and southern regions of modern Mexico – beyond modern Guatemala and El Salvador Traded Jade, obsidian, art fashioned from basalt or ceramics, animal skin and cocoa.

13. How did social and gender identities develop in pre-600 B. C. E 13. How did social and gender identities develop in pre-600 B.C.E. in your early civilization? They had large class of priests Also had classes of peasants and slaves Had hierarchical chiefdoms ( chief -> son)

Period 06 Miss.Kononchuk By: Sarah Pelico Aileen Pineda Brittney Reyes Krislyn Quinonez