Atoms made Elements. Elements make molecules

Molecules are: Groups of elements held by chemical bonds (compounds)

Atoms made Elements. Elements make molecules Molecules make Cells Cells make tissue Tissues make Organs Organs make up Organ systems Organ systems make up an Organism

What are the most common elements in LIVING THINGS? C,H,N,O,P,S They make cells Basis of organic chemistry

What are the most common molecules in LIVING THINGS? Protein Lipid Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids

Proteins Molecules made of amino acids Build and repair body structures Create enzymes

Lipids “fat” molecules Store energy (oils, waxes, fats) A PHOSPHOLIPID: a molecule of phosphorous and lipid which is the main building block for cell membranes

Carbohydrates Sugars, starches, fibers Energy storage and release

Nucleic Acids Cell’s genetic information is stored within Made of nucleotides DNA is a common type

DNA

Atoms and elements can make up cells

Cells: the smallest basic units that can preform all life processes Cells are made of atoms They make everything an organism needs for survival

CELL THEORY

Phagocytosis cytoplasm engulfs large particles

2 types: Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes Multicelluar vs Unicelluar

Prokaryote: a single celled organism Prokaryote: a single celled organism. Does not have a nucleus or organelles (ex./ bacteria & archea)

Eukaryote: an organism made of cells which have a nucleus and organelles (ex:/ animals, plants, fungi, protists)

ORGANISM A living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently

CELL THEORY 1665: first cells observed recorded . Named “cells” 1673: Van Leeuwenhoek observed single celled organism in pond water, and observed cells in blood using a microscope 1839: Schwann and Schleiden observed plants and animals made of cells. Proposed all living things are made of cells 1858: Rudolph Virchow observed cell division and proposed all cells come from other cells and cell processes.

Cells are small Transportation of materials is easy when you have a large surface to volume ratio

Cell Membrane Phospholipid layer that covers the cell’s surface Provides protection for the cell Allows the active and passive transport of materials in and out Outerlayer; Acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of a cell Semi-permeable

Cytoplasm The area inside the cell, including the (watery-medium) fluid located inside the membrane around the organelles

NUCLEUS The center of an atom: containing protons and neutrons The membrane-bound organelle in a cell which contains the genetic material (DNA). It has a role in such processes as growth, reproduction and metabolism.

Ribosomes Follows DNA as a code Uses amino acids Synthesizes Proteins (found in eukaryotes and Prokaryotes)

Eukaryotic cells are bigger and more complex

Golgi Complex receives protein/lipids sorts, packages, and ships them inside and out of the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth- no ribosomes, makes lipids, breaks down toxins Rough- ribosomes (synthesize protein)

Mitochondria double membrane organelle with matrix releases energy stored in food CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Lysosomes digests cell waste

Cytoskeleton fibers/filaments help support cell help movement of cell

Cell Walls

Large Centriole Vacuole Large in plants, small in animals Lots of water, supports the cell

Chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll (photosynthesis: using the Sun’s energy to create energy As glucose sugar)

Compare/ contrast Animal vs plant Eukaryote vs Prokaryote

Nucleolus: synthesizes ribosomes

Cells make Tissues Cells are specialized Groups of specialized cells work together as a tissue: Epithelial- protective tissue (Integumentary) Connective- hold other tissues together, can expand and contract Muscle- muscles and bones. Helps protect organs. Allows movement and structure of body nerve tissue- spine, brain and central nervous system

Tissues make up Organs

Organs make up Organ Systems Circulatory system Digestive system Skeletal system Muscular system Excretory system Reproductive system

Organ Systems make up an organism