Prevalence of Salmonella serovars in Animals in India

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Presentation transcript:

Prevalence of Salmonella serovars in Animals in India Presentation is based on Serotyping of >4000 Salmonella strains submitted between 1978 to 2005 to National Salmonella Centre (Vet.) Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122 INDIA Analysis and compilation By Dr. Bhoj R Singh, Principal Scientist (VM) I/C Epidemiology; Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243122, Bareilly, UP, India.  TeleFax  +91-581-2302188

SALMONELLA IN INDIA Salmonella and salmonellosis are prevalent all over the world including the most developed as well as the poorest countries. Salmonellosis is a hyperendemic disease in India in humans and probably in animals too. There are >2500 serovars of Salmonella distributed all over the globe. Of these about 231 serovars have been reported in India, 25 exclusively in human and equal number in animals rest have been isolated from varied sources. To start any disease control programme a country need to understand the epidemiology of the disease and for salmonellosis serotyping is of utmost significance.

Outbreaks of Salmonellosis in India in Animals 2003 Mizoram Japanese Quails 30% in adults S. Enteritidis 2000 Assam Pygmy hogs (Sus salvanius) 7 of the 42 1999 Ranchi Pigs (Sus Domesticus) 15 piglets S.Ohio, S. Chester, S. London Ducks 58.37% Ducklings died S. Enteritidis PT 13a/7 1997 Broilers 70-100% S. Indiana and S.Gallinarum 1996 Himanchal pradesh Chicks 92.8% S. Typhimurium 1992 Punjab Pigs - S. Typhimurium with FMD virus 1989 Tripura S. Virchow 1987 Nagaland Poultry birds High Layer stock 20% S. Gallinarum Tamilnadu Broiler stock In 4 hatcheries 5 to 15% mortality 1986 Bareilly (U.P.) 43 piglets and 24 adults died S. Cholearaesuis Hydrabad Japanese quails 100% Pantnagar (U.A.) Chicken 212 of 400 chicks died. S. Indiana Tirpur Broiler parent stock 9% mortality S. Weltevreden 1985 Guwahati (Assam) 1984 34% mortality in piglets S. Choleraesuis Kasauli, (H.P.) Guinea pigs S. Dublin and S. Typhimurium 1983 Gujrat S. Vrichow 1980 67.5% piglets died Madras city Chicks and layers 75% Broiler and 25% layer chicks died Bombay Guinea pigs and Rabbits Heavy 1977 S. Ohio 1976 S. Newport 1972 Bareilly, (U.P.) S. Bareilly

Salmonellosis outbreaks and causative serovars in animals in India Animals affected No. of Outbreaks Salmonella serovars Pigs 6 Choleraesuis (3), Ohio, Chester, London, Typhimurium, Virchow Chicks/Poultry birds 14 Gallinarum (6), Indiana (4), Virchow (3), Typhimurium (2), Newport, Ohio, Bareilly, Weltevreden Rabbits 1 Typhimurium Guinea pigs 2 Typhimurium, Dublin Ducks Enteritidis Pygmy hogs Japanese quails Gallinarum

Salmonella serovars in animals in India >128 serovars has been reported and every year 2 to 5 new serovars are add to the ever-growing list. Different serovars vary in prevalence in different animals.

Salmonella serovars in animals in India (128 serovrs)

Salmonella serovars in poultry birds in India (53 serovars and 811 isolates) Virchow and Typhimurium are more common than Enteritidis. Bovismorbificans and Eastbourne are the new entrants in last three years. Amager, Galiena and S. salamae serovars have been reported just recently. Number of rough isolates is increasing India has no Pullorum biovar, variants of pullorum if any are reported from regions north to tropic of Cancer. Southern Indian states are the most affected states with S. Gallinarum.

Salmonella serovars in other birds in India (13 serovars, 61 isolates) Virchow and Typhimurium are more common than Gallinarum

Common Salmonella serovars in some selected birds Quails Bareilly, Gallinarum, Stanley, Typhimurium, Virchow, Weltevredn Emu Weltevreden Guinea fowl Gallinarum, Typhimurium Typhimurium Pigeons Typhimurium, Give Pheasants

Salmonella serovars in buffaloes in India (11 serovars, 60 isolates)

Salmonella serovars in cattle in India (68 strains of 19 serovars) Dublin and Typhimurium are the most common serovars, also reported frequently in milk and milk products

Salmonella serovars in goats in India (39 serovars among 137 isolates) Rough strains dominates the scene

Salmonella serovars in Donkeys Number of isolates Abortusequi 4 Dumfries 1 3, 10 : r : - 4, 12:-:- Tshiongwe 2

Salmonella serovars in Horses (142 isolates of 19 serovars) Nos. Abortusequi 60 Lagos 10 Bovismorbificans 4 Newington 2 Drogana Newport 13 Dumfries 3 Richmond 5 Gallinarum 1 Rough 4, 5, 12, : ri : 1, 5 Saintpaul 4, 5, 12, 27:r,i:1, 5 Tshiongwe 4, 12:i:- Typhimurium 6, 7 : y : lz28: - Virchow Kottbus  

Salmonella in dogs Serological evidences show high prevalence (>60%) of Salmonella agglutinins in canines, however only three isolates one each belonging to Thompson, Typhimurium and Paratyphi B serovars are there in repository. Besides, isolation of S. Anatum, S. Reading and S. Ohio are also on records but isolates are not available.

Salmonella serovars in sheep in India ( 9 serovars and 42 strains) (Common source of S. Bareilly)

Salmonella serovars in swine in India (203 strains of 36 serovars) Virchow is dominating since decades

Salmonella serovars in fish and other sea foods in India (74 strains of 21 serovars) Most common source of S. Paratyphi B

Salmonella serovars in amphibians in India (63) Most of the work reported is almost 30 years old and needs reviewing

Salmonella serovars in rodents and other small laboratory animals in India (231)

Salmonella serovars in sewage and slaughter house environment in India (47)

Sources of Salmonella serovars in foods of vegetable origin

Salmonella serovars in foods of vegetable origin in India (27)

Six percent of 600 samples of beetle leaves (popular as Paan) screened in North India have Salmonella and Saintpaul dominates the seen

Salmonella serovars in lizards and other reptiles in India (70) Old work needs reviewing

Salmonella serovars in wild life in India (139 strains of 13 serovars)

Common sources of Salmonella Anatum

Common sources of Salmonella Bareilly

Common sources of Salmonella Bovismorbificans

Common sources of Salmonella Enteritidis

Common sources of Salmonella Gallinarum isolates

Common sources of Salmonella Dublin isolates

Common sources of Salmonella Newport isolates

Common sources of Salmonella Paratyphi B isolates

Common sources of Salmonella Saintpaul isolates

Common sources of Salmonella Typhimurium

Common sources of Salmonella Virchow

Common sources of Salmonella Weltevreden

Common sources of rough Salmonella strains

Conclusions >128 Salmonella serovars are there in animals in India and every year list expands by about 2-5 new serovars. Different serovars dominate in different kinds of animals. On the basis of overall prevalence, major Salmonella serovars of zoonotic significance are   S.Typhimurium, S. Bareilly, S. Newport, S. Weltevreden, S. Saintpaul and S. Enteritidis are the most prevalent wide host range Salmonella . S. Weltevreden, S. Senftenberg, S. Saintpaul, S. Havana and S. Chester are prominent emerging zoonotic Salmonella in last decade. S. Typhimurium and S. Paratyphi A prevalence is on down-roads. S. Typhi, a strict host adapted Salmonella of human being has been isolated from sick as well as healthy Camel, Sheep, Cattle, Goats, Pigs, Birds and Rodents as well. S. Saintpaul is emerging as new zoonotic pathogen in foods of animals and vegetable origin. S. Typhimurium is still the leading serovar of zoonotic significance in India. Prevalence of S. Abortusequi is rapidly falling in equines and it is being replaced by other serovars, different in different parts of the country. After poultry and poultry product vegetable foods appeared to be the major emerging source of Salmonella. Host range of host restricted Salmonella serovars is widening. S. Anatum has adapted to Indian buffaloes, however S. Weltevreden is the important zoonotic serovar often isolated from buffen (Buffalo meat)