Homework Complete the Aftermath of Henry VIII handout for tomorrow. Test on the Renaissance / Reformation Friday. Review sheet also due Friday.

Aim #9: How did Protestant ideas spread across Germany and England? April 5, 2017

I. Church Reaction to Luther Martin Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1521 Luther was called upon to stand trial in Worms by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Charles V was part of the powerful Hapsburg family, and controlled the largest empire in Europe (pictured below). Charles was a devoted Catholic and strong supporter of the Church, and wanted Luther to recant (take back) his controversial ideas.

Empire of Charles V

I. Church Reaction to Luther C. Luther refused to take back his ideas, so Charles V issued the Edict of Worms declaring Luther an outlaw and a heretic. D. Luther gained protection from Frederick of Saxony, a powerful noble who was the leader of the German state Luther lived in.

II. Reaction in Holy Roman Empire / Germany Germany (also known as the Holy Roman Empire) was still a collection of disunified states during this period, each one with its own ruler. As Emperor, Charles V was supposed to be in charge of these rulers, but the rulers wanted to run their states with as little interference from him as possible. The rulers of many of these German states sided with Luther and converted to Protestantism. Why would they do this? (think about how it helps them in their struggle for power with their Catholic emperor Charles V?)

II. Reaction in Holy Roman Empire / Germany C. Many German peasants and educated middle class individuals in Germany also sided with Luther and converted. Why did they find Luther’s ideas appealing? (think about why they would be attracted to Luther’s idea of a priesthood of all believers and justification by faith alone) D. Ultimately, the northern German states became Protestant, the southern states remained Catholic. Eventually, there was a civil war in Germany between rulers who supported Luther and rulers who were still loyal to Charles V.

II. Reaction in Holy Roman Empire / Germany E. Compromise Solution: The Peace of Augsburg (1555). Rulers of each German state could decide whether the state will be Catholic or Protestant. Does this mean there is religious tolerance in the German states? Explain.

III. English Reformation King Henry VIII (1509-1547) of England wanted to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon (she was getting older and had not provided a male heir), and marry Anne Boleyn. He asked the Pope for a divorce. The Pope would not grant the divorce (Catherine was the aunt of Charles V, and the Pope didn’t want to upset him!) Why does the Pope have to careful not to anger Charles V?

III. English Reformation C. When the Pope refused to cooperate, Henry broke away from the Catholic Church and made England Protestant! So everyone in England had to be Protestant so the king could get a divorce! D. Henry forced Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy (1534): What did the Act of Supremacy do?   E. Once England is no longer Catholic, Henry closed all the English monasteries, and sold the land to nobles and wealthy members of the middle class Why did Henry do this? How will he benefit?

IV. English Reformation Henry VIII goes on to have six wives:

Concluding Question Who do you think had a better reason for leaving the Catholic Church: Luther or Henry VIII? Why?