3.1 Engagement patterns of different social groups in physical activity and sport 3.1.1 Participation rates in physical activity and sports and the impact on participation rates considering the following personal factors: gender, age, socio-economic group, ethnicity, disability 3.1.2 Interpretation and analysis of graphical representation of data associated with trends in participation rates

Task 1 What physical activities do you participate in? Why did you choose those activities? **DISCUSS your answers with a partner then feedback to the group** Task 1

You will need to know… How participation is affected by the following personal factors: Gender Age Socio-economic group Ethnicity Disability

Sport England One of the roles of Sport England is to help people develop a ‘sporting habit for life’. In order to monitor participation rates and if their initiatives are working they collect data – known as the Sports England Active People Survey. ** It is likely that as part of your exam you will need to interpret and analyse data associated with trends in participation rates and it may well come from this source**

Gender

Place a tick to indicate the gender associated with each sport… Activity Male Female Badminton Rugby Netball Football Dance Gymnastics Boxing Aerobics Tennis Athletics Horse riding

Body shape, size and physique Male Female Height Taller Smaller Pelvis Narrower Wider (For childbirth) Lungs and heart Larger Body fat % Lower (15%) Higher (25%) Gender is something which is beyond your control BUT Needs to be considered in order to fully appreciate the effect it has on participation and performance.

Think back to the question on why you participate in your choice of activity. What barriers might prevent you from doing those activities? Task 2

Gender - Barriers In years gone by, women were discouraged from participating in physical activity, especially sports. Back then, men and women alike thought: Only men should play sports Women might hurt themselves by doing too much physical activity Women should wear respectable clothes that covered most of their bodies (i.e. not shorts and swimsuits etc!) Women should stay at home and look after the children and house

There is however, still less attention and emphasis put on women's sport: Some sports are still thought to be men's sports – some women only want to participate in sports seen as acceptable. Women have a much lower profile in the media. How often do you see a women's football match on the tv? Therefore, many companies would rather sponsor men’s teams as they get more attention Women's competitions tend to have less prize money than men's. Even where media coverage is good like tennis and golf. There aren't as many female sporting role models, largely due again to the lack of media attention. This Girl Can – Sport England

As of Saturday 8th July, Serena Williams became one of the two greatest female tennis players of all time. With her eighth Wimbledon title, the American equalled Steffi Graf's 22 Grand Slams. She was already a sporting icon – but now she has the weight of history behind her. So where was she on our newspaper front pages this morning? The Sunday Times and Independent led with her victory, but last night the Sun, Daily Star, Observer, Sunday Mirror, Daily Mail and Sunday Express released covers of their Sunday editions devoid of even a photo of arguably the greatest female athlete of all time. Lack of Media Coverage

AGE

Place a tick to indicate the age associated with each sport… Activity Associated Age Group Young/Old/All Reason for Choice Football Cricket Rugby Badminton Rambling Horse Riding Skiing Snow Boarding Crown Green Bowls

Flexibility Strength Very high in older children and teens Tends to decrease with age - Coupled with tendency to put on weight You won’t achieve maximum strength until fully grown - late teens to early twenties This is why weight training is not recommended for young people. Strength will then decrease as you get older.

Oxygen capacity reduces with age Heart becomes less efficient Skill Levels Oxygen capacity reduces with age Heart becomes less efficient Arteries lose elasticity Blood pressure increases Blood flow reduces Skill levels will improve with age and experience. Can be linked to physiological developments Taller basketball players find shooting easier Breaking the stereotypes – At 104 Fauja Singh has World records of running various marathons. 

Recovery As you get older… Increased chance of injuries (wear and tear) Longer you take to recover Higher chance of diseases

Socio-Economic Group

Socio-Economic Group… Is a way of classifying people by their occupation. It is often associated with the amount of money they have. Certain activities are associated with being in a high socio- economic group. Why do you think this is the case?

Ethnicity

Ethnicity is… … a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. In the same way that women and men are still associated with some sports, the same applies to ethnicity. There are no physical reasons why one group of people should be better at one activity than another, but due to ethnic stereotyping some people believe that different ethnic groups are better at different sports. Because of this, people from different ethnicities are often encouraged (through media and significant others) into particular sports.

In small groups, other than stereotyping discuss why ethnicity, religion or culture might impact on the sport that you play. Task 3

Disability

Disability People with disabilities have a low level of participation in sport. Society continues to discriminate against, and impose barriers on, disabled people’s participation in physical activity Types of disability

Barriers Myths and stereotypes Negative self image and lack of confidence Low income levels- ¾ rely on benefits Lack of transport Lack of specialist coaches Lack of specialist equipment Fewer competitive opportunities Low levels of media coverage and role models What problems do you think people with a disability face when participating in physical activity and sport?

Inclusion Social perception has been raised through policies of inclusion All sports can be adapted to cater for general or specific abilities Governing bodies of sport have responsibilty to make it accessible

Adaptation To the activity To facilities Adapted Sports Such as wheelchair basketball where the rules will be adapted Adapted equipment Such as football with ball bearings in the balls, allow visual impaired Types of adapted wheelchairs for specific events Classifications Used to ensure competitions are as fair as possible Athletics uses T for track and F for field events Legal requirement that facilities cater for the disabled by… Access Doorways have to be wide enough for wheelchairs and ramps provided Parking Disabled bays available Provision Lifts giving access to upper floors, toilets provided and specific clubs or activities catering for the disabled should be available

Facilities Legal requirement that facilities cater for the disabled by… Access Doorways have to be wide enough for wheelchairs and ramps provided Parking Disabled bays available Provision Lifts giving access to upper floors, toilets provided and specific clubs or activities catering for the disabled should be available

Invictus Games 2012 Top Ten Moments at London 2012 Paralympics

Further barriers In addition to the personal barriers there are other reasons why certain groups may not participate as much as others: Access: Facilities may exist but there might be age restrictions preventing access. Similarly, if the facility is a bus ride away or not accessible by public transport you still can not get to the facility. Availability: You may be restricted by opening times or the types of classes available (eg: no beginners classes) Time: Lots of people say they would participate if they had more time. Money: Some activities are more expensive than others. Health Problems: Some health problems may prevent or limit participation. This does not usually mean that all physical activity needs to stop.