assisting policy change world bank washington DC February 6, 2007 assisting policy change the role of technical advisers in formulating a metropolitan planning process in nairobi e l l i o t t s c l a r center for sustainable urban development at the Earth Institute at Columbia University j u l i e t o u b e r

& 1 theory institutions matter background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 1 theory institutions matter Institutional context is both a “given” in terms of constraints and a “variable” whose evolution must be considered as part of the planning process Workable governance includes both market and non-market approaches to solve problems of local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets economic efficiency & social equity

1 the case of transport in nairobi economic efficiency social equity local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets background context evaluating institutions csud methodology air pollution 550% over the US 24hours standard for PM2.5 economic efficiency social equity

1 57minutes is the travel time per work trip the case of transport in nairobi background context evaluating institutions csud methodology local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets economic efficiency social equity 57minutes is the travel time per work trip (Institute for Transportation Development Policy, 2001)

1 46% of the road users involved in fatal crashes are pedestrians background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 1 the case of transport in nairobi local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets economic efficiency social equity 46% of the road users involved in fatal crashes are pedestrians (Global Road Safety Partnership, 2004)

1 the case of transport in nairobi economic efficiency social equity background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 1 the case of transport in nairobi local is increasingly global history matters & path analysis is critical institutions are more powerful than markets economic efficiency social equity

2 context institutions and political economy background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 2 context institutions and political economy Williamson (2005): creation of “workable arrangements” or arrangements that connect social and private ends with alternative means Key test: finding arrangements that effectively connect desired ends to means at the lowest possible transactions costs When it comes to goods that have important benefits as well as costs, markets exchanges are not always the most effective structures of economic governance

2 context transportation: a quasi public good background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 2 context transportation: a quasi public good Because of the importance of urban transport to impact land use patterns and environmental quality, the external impacts of the collective market-based decisions of traveler are far greater than the impacts on the individual traveler

metropolitan planning - transport background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 2 context: metropolitan planning in nairobi Nairobi CBD public transit system matatus terminal metropolitan planning - transport - park & ride - keep private larger buses better safety time gained keep flexibility market place service focus point health monitoring point BRT option image change socially and environmentally sustainable

? ? ? ? ? ? 3 An institutional challenge identifying all the actors and their agenda(s) ? Ministry of Local Government Ministry of Lands ? Nairobi City Council Satellite cities ? Ministry of Housing ? ? ? NGOs Population Users Nairobi Central Business Association Ministry of Transport Matatu Owners Association Matatu Welfare Association background context evaluating institutions csud methodology

3 evaluating institutions “institutional functioning” background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 3 evaluating institutions “institutional functioning” To analyze the workable arrangements necessary to the supply of transport it is first necessary to disentangle the various elements of “physical technologies and social technologies” (Nelson, 2005) private operator public infrastructure

3 evaluating institutions A window of opportunity background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 3 evaluating institutions A window of opportunity The 1973 Nairobi Metropolitan Growth Strategy legally expired, there is a process underway to create a Metropolitan Plan

background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4 csud approach Context Africa is urbanizing at a faster rate than the rest of the world about half the world’s population is classified as urban by 2020 the urban population will be the majority

4 ? csud approach Context political context background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4 csud approach Context political context local context Kenya Democracy Reformed Government Better economic context Hub for East Africa international context Millennium Development Goals Africa top of the int’l agenda for development Africa center of int’l donors community How to support urban policy change at the levels of national governments, local authorities and international institutions ?

4 ? csud methodology Context geographic & social context background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4 csud methodology Context geographic & social context redefining urban areas Defining the relation between urban and rural The challenge of the peri-urban areas Role of the cities in the society defining the African City Identity Redefining access Redefining mobility Redefining the public space training the new planners generation By using new technologies By sharing experience from the South By defining a new African city identity How to support urban policy change at the levels of national governments, local authorities and international institutions ?

4 csud approach transitional zone between the background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4 csud approach defining Land use becomes key urban sprawl relies on a transportation system transitional zone between the rural and the urban environment

4 csud approach integrated model background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4 csud approach integrated model based on University resources and the neutral status of the academic world education research implementation capacity building Train the new generation of planners Train technicians in public health Hold specific seminars on urban management Training on modeling software access to information and knowledge Open to resources available in the North Reinforce an African knowledge network Reinforce South-South linkages Open to Joint publications Definition of an African urban policy Define criteria for the African cities Reinforce the urban network in Africa Give access to this network to the int’l institutions Organize a South-South urban axis

background context evaluating institutions csud methodology 4 csud methodology Phase 1 [2005-06] Phase 2 [2006-07-08] Phase 3 [2007-08-09] building network design joint studios Univ. of Nairobi – Urban and Regional Planning (DURP) CU – UP, SIPA, Public Health white papers Infrastructure Air quality dvpment of integrated urban plan (iup) Ruiru Strategic Dvpment Plan Metropolitan Planning transport Modeling Dvpment of model for Nairobi Metropolitan area Training seminars air quality monitoring Air Quality Modeling for Nairobi Metropolitan Area INT’L CONFERENCE to be held in Nairobi New Frontiers of Planning Presentation nairobi project Application to Africa financing Ruiru iup Packaging and phasing an ipp Sale to international donors or other donors policy recommendations for local and central gvts documenting the process

4 4 transport air quality csud approach csud methodology CSUD/DURP Berkeley - Volvo Center of Excellence KIPPRA and RCMRD contracted letter of intent modeling access data Transport models for Nairobi Metropolitan Area Different scenarios Training seminars At KIPPRA At University of Nairobi transport air quality Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University TBD (KIPPRA?) Air Quality Monitoring system for Nairobi Metropolitan Area Applications for Africa At TBD 4 csud approach research capacity 4 csud methodology background context evaluating institutions csud methodology