1. Explain how the study of living materials requires understanding of chemistry. The human body goes through many chemical reactions in daily functioning. Understanding chemical changes help understand the normal and abnormal functions of the body. Example cellular respiration http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVRBDRAsP6U&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dVRBDRAsP6U

2. Describe the relationships among matter, atoms and molecules. Matter –anything that occupies space, solid liquid, or gas. Elements-all matter is composed of elements, simplest form of matter, chemical reactions cannot change, an element is made up of millions of identical atoms Atoms-smallest unit of an element, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons Molecule-based on electron structure a molecule is formed when 2 or more atoms unite with identical atoms such as O2 or different atoms such as H2O (called compounds) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfXxZwNLvPA

http://images. google. com/imgres. imgurl=http://www. chem4kids http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/atom_struct1.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_structure.html&usg=__JF8XoYeOxDBCOscJ2Ujq1FlkhEA=&h=233&w=233&sz=5&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=v6eiWCIv2PbmJM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=109&prev=/images%3Fq%3Datoms%26hl%3Den%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1

3 types of chemical bonds Ionic bonds-transfer of electrons (losing or gaining) Covalent bonds sharing electrons Hydrogen bonds- uneven sharing like covalent but weaker bonds making them polar + on onside and – on the other, giving water unique properties

3. Identify three major types of chemical reactions that occur in the body. 1 Synthesis reaction 2 Decomposition reaction 3 Exchange reaction Chemical reaction: A process in which one substance is transformed into another. Thousands of different types of chemical reactions occur in the body and are essential to its structure and function.

Synthesis reaction Two or more atoms or molecules interact to form new chemical bonds. A new compound is formed Example is protein synthesis Anabolism Dehydration reaction as water is moved in this process

Protein Synthesis Process whereby DNA encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zAGAmTkZNY

Polypeptides are chains of amino acids Polypeptides are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide molecules. The amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds. Amino acids bond together to make long chains. Those long chains of amino acids are also called proteins. Essential Amino Acids: Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine.

An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo (from scratch) by the organism being considered, and therefore must be supplied in its diet. The nine amino acids humans cannot synthesize are phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, and histidine (i.e., F V T W M L I K H).[1][2] Six amino acids are considered conditionally essential in the human diet, meaning their synthesis can be limited under special pathophysiological conditions, such as prematurity in the infant or individuals in severe catabolic distress.[2] These six are arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, proline and tyrosine (i.e. R C G Q P Y). Five amino acids are dispensable in humans, meaning they can be synthesized in the body. These five are alanine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid and serine (i.e., A D N E S).[2]

Decomposition raction When bonds break and crate simpler molecules Energy is usually released in this type of reaction Example cellular respiration Catabolism Hydrolysis water is added in these reactions

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from the sun  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular metabolism: A chemical reaction is process whereby the atoms of molecules or compounds interact to form new chemical combinations. For example glucose interacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy Metabolic reactions that involve the breaking of a complex molecule into simpler ones we refer to as catabolic. The process of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down to produce CO2 and H2O with a release of useable energy (in the form of ATP Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) is an example of a catabolic metabolic pathway.   Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy from the sun  C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cellular metabolism: C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + useable energy in the form of ATP http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/neil.buckley/Concepts%20in%20Biology/2003Lecture3.htm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00jbG_cfGuQ

Exchange reaction Two compounds break down to synthesis to new compounds Most are reversible Example the process of keeping pH balance in the blood stream https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCLsmkGvq_k

4. Differentiate between a salt, an acid, and a base They are all electrolytes They break apart to dissociate when in solutions to form changed particles Your body must have them to function properly ( life or death situation when they are out of balance!)

Differentiate between a salt, an acid, and a base. Salt- ions with opposite charges, important for transmission of messages through nerves and muscle contraction examples K+, Ca++, Na+ Acid-donate hydrogen ions to other substances, has a low pH number Below 7 acidic Base- accept hydrogen ions, has a high pH number Above 7 alkaline

5. Describe factors that affect chemical reaction rates. Temperature Concentration Physical state Catalysts chemical substances that speed up the rate of reaction. When proteins perform as catalysts they are called enzymes Most chemical reactions need a catalyst or enzyme

Osmosis-movement of water through semi-permeable membrane 6. Compare the processes of osmosis, diffusion and filtration and give examples of their uses in the body. Osmosis-movement of water through semi-permeable membrane Diffusion-molecules move from an area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration Filtration-movement of materials through cell membrane under mechanical force