Chapter 7 Momentum In golfing or in baseball – why is the follow through of the swing so important in hitting the LONG BALL?

Momentum = mass x velocity (speed) momentum (p) = mv By definition: What is Momentum measured in? A) Newtons B) kg m/s C) m/s² D) Joules The momentum of a 6 kg bowling ball going 6 m/s down the alley. How much momentum does the ball have? A bowler throws the same ball down the alley at the same velocity, but the ball strikes a wall at the end and recoils back towards you at 2 m/s. What is the change in momentum?

WHY? Would it hurt more getting hit from the boxer with the gloves on or the gloves off? A) Gloves on B) Gloves off

Impulse = Change in Momentum If momentum changes – what does not have to change? A) Mass B) Velocity C) Time When things change momentum, most of the time the object is changing its Velocity, and not its mass. Think about it… while walking down the hallway, if Wanted to change your momentum, would you change your mass or your speed? So… If you change your velocity, you are ACCELERATING – if you are accelerating Some FORCE must be happening – it all goes back to Newton’s 2nd law (F = MA) The greater the force, the greater the acceleration (change in velocity), the greater the momentum.

Impulse = Force x time interval Change in velocity = Force x time The amount of time Force is applied is very important to IMPULSE (change in momentum) Impulse = Force x time interval Change in velocity = Force x time Δmv = FΔt (this equation is just a modification of F=ma)

Δmv = FΔt Increasing momentum: Apply the greatest force possible for the longest time possible Why is a follow through so important in a golf swing? Δmv = FΔt If you have a strong follow through, the ball and the golf club Are in contact with each other longer. That teeny weeny little Bit of extra contact time gives a longer golf shot.

A .2 kg baseball is pitched going 20 m/s and is hit by a batter where the ball is going 50 m/s off the bat. What is the impulse applied to the ball by the bat? .2(20) + .2(50) = 14 kg m/s If the bat is in contact with the ball for .016 sec, how much average force did the bat apply to the ball? 14 kg m/s = F (.016 sec) F = 875 N

Conservation of Momentum The momentum before = momentum after a collision mv = mv An 1500 kg SUV going 10 m/s hits a 5,000 kg bus going 6 m/s, and lock up together. What is the speed of the locked up SUV and Bus? mvbefore = mvafter 1500kg(10m/s) + 5000kg(6m/s) = mvbefore (1500kg+5000kg) vsuv/bus = mvafter 45,000 kg m/s = 6500 kg v V = 6.9 m/s

A 60kg skater pushes a shopping car of mass 20 kg A 60kg skater pushes a shopping car of mass 20 kg. The shopping car takes off moving at 3 m/s, what is the recoil speed of the skater? mvbefore = mvafter 0 = (60 kg) v + (20 kg)(3 m/s) vskater= 60 kg m/s / 60 kg = 1 m/s

Elastic Collisions – total KE before collision is equal to total KE after. Inelastic collision – total KE before collision is not equal to total KE after. A ) Elastic B) Inelastic A ball of clay is thrown against the wall and sticks. A person jumping on a trampoline In elastic collisions: mvbefore = mvafter ½ mv2before = ½ mv2after

A ball of mass .250 kg moving at 5 m/s collides head on with a heavier ball (.8kg) that is at rest. What are the velocities of the ball if it is a completely elastic collision? vf1 = (m1 – m2) v01 vf2 = ( 2 m1 ) v01 (m1 + m2) m1 + m2 mvbefore = mvafter ½ mv2before = ½ mv2after m1v1 + m2v2 = m1vf1 + m2vf2 Vf1 = -2.62 m/s vf2 = 2.38 m/s

V01= 896 m/s Ballistic Pendulum Ballistic pendulums are used to find the speed of bullets. A block of wood (2.5 kg) hangs from a pendulum. A fired bullet (.01 kg) hits the wood with speed v01 and lodges itself in the wood. The pendulum swings upward .65 m as a result of the collision. What is the speed of the bullet before it struck the wood? m1v01 = (m1 + m2) vf V01 = (m1 + m2) vf m1 We need vf With the pendulum, the KE of the bullet/block at the bottom will equal the PE at the top of the swing KEat bottom = Peat top ½ mv2f = mgh for m, it is equal to the bullet+block Vf = 2gh V01= 896 m/s

2 Dimensional collisions Collisions in 2 dimensions is the same as 1D collisions except that you need to find the x and y components of the velocities. V01 = .9m/s M1 = .15 kg Vf1= 50o Ɵo 35o V02 = .54 m/s M2 = .26 kg Vf2 = .7 m/s

X component: m1v01 + m2v02 = m1vf1 + m2vf2 .15kg(.9 m/s sin 50o) + (.26 kg) .54m/s = .15(vf1) + .26 kg(.7m/s cos 35o) solving for vf1 = .63 m/s Y component: m1v01 + m2v02 = m1vf1 + m2vf2 ..15kg(-.9m/s cos 50o) + .26kg(0 m/s) = .15kg(vf1) + .26kg(-.7 sin 35o) solving for vf1 = .12 m/s a2+b2 = c2 .632 + .122 = vf12 vf1 = .64 m/s Vf1= .64 m/s V01 = .9m/s M1 = .15 kg 50o .12 m/s Ɵo .63 m/s 35o V02 = .54 m/s M2 = .26 kg Ɵ= tan-1(.12/.63) Ɵ = 11o Vf2 = .7 m/s

Center of Mass An objects center of mass is a point that represents the average location for the total mass of the object. (the cm does not always have to be within the confines of the object)

Find the center of mass for the planetary system below: m1x1 + m2x2 Center of mass xcm = m1 + m2 Find the center of mass for the planetary system below: X1= 5 x2= 40 M1 = 5 m2 = 100 Center of mass 38.3

Center of Mass Experiment Stand 2 ft (your own feet) away from a wall Place a chair between you and the wall Lean over, with your head against the wall and grab the seat of the chair Lift up the chair and stand up straight without moving your feet. Using your clicker A) You did it B) No you didn’t