Chapter 8 Minerals Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Chapter 8 Lesson 8.1 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Key Concept The human body requires a variety of minerals in different amounts to perform numerous metabolic tasks. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

The Nature of Body Minerals Classes of body minerals Major minerals Trace elements Functions of minerals Mineral metabolism Digestion Absorption Transport What are the four fundamental elements that make up most living matter? (hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen) Ask students to name a trace element or a major mineral. (Trace: Refer to Box 8-1 on page 126 of textbook. Major: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, and sulfur.) Unlike carbohydrates, proteins, and fat, minerals do not require a great deal of mechanical or chemical digestion before absorption. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Chapter 8 Lesson 8.2 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Key Concepts A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Major Minerals Calcium Functions Requirements Deficiency states Bone and tooth formation Blood clotting Muscle and nerve action Metabolic reactions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources What does the absorption of dietary calcium depend on? (the food form, and the interaction of three hormones that directly control absorption, along with indirect metabolic stimuli from the estrogen hormones) Where can most of the body’s calcium be found? (bones and teeth) Name the major calcium-related clinical condition. (osteoporosis) Have students discuss osteoporosis and its causes. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Phosphorus Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Bone and tooth formation Energy metabolism Acid-base balance Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources What are the functions of phosphorus? (It partners with calcium in bone formation, functions in bone and tooth formation, energy metabolism, and acid-base balance.) If a phosphorus deficiency does develop, what are the characteristics? (weakness, loss of appetite, fatigue, pain) Which foods are the primary sources of phosphorus in the average diet? (milk and milk products, meat, fish, eggs) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Sodium Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Water balance Acid-base balance Muscle action Nutrient absorption Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources What is the main function of sodium? (body-water balance) What are the other functions of sodium? (acid-base balance and muscle action) Excess sodium can lead to what condition? (hypertension) What is the main dietary source of sodium? (common table salt) Ask each student to name another source of sodium. (milk, meat, eggs, carrots, beets, leafy greens, celery) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Potassium Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Water balance Metabolic reactions Muscle action Insulin release Blood pressure Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources Potassium functions in water balance, metabolic reactions, muscle action, insulin release, and blood pressure. When are potassium deficiencies more likely to occur? (during clinical situations such as prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, during use of diuretic drugs, during use of hypertension drugs, as a result of severe malnutrition, or surgery) What is the result of extremely high potassium levels? (a fatal arrhythmia) Have students name several sources of potassium. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Chloride Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Digestion Respiration Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources What are the two significant functions of chloride? (digestion and respiration) What is the primary reason for chloride deficiency? (excessive fluid losses through vomiting, which leads to metabolic alkalosis) What is the primary source of dietary chloride? (It is provided almost entirely by sodium chloride, which is the chemical name for ordinary table salt.) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Magnesium Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms General metabolism Protein synthesis Muscle action Basal metabolic rate Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources Where in the body is magnesium found? (It is found in all body cells and has widespread metabolic functions.) What are some of the deficiency symptoms? (muscle weakness and cramps, hypertension, and blood vessel constriction in the heart and brain) Which individuals are at greater risk for developing magnesium toxicity? (individuals with renal insufficiency) Which sources are relatively poor sources of magnesium? (most fruits, except bananas; milk; meat; and fish) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Sulfur Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Hair, skin, and nails General metabolic functions Vitamin structure Collagen structure Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources Sulfur is involved in the structure of hair, skin, and nails; helps transfer energy as needed in various tissues; is a part of several vitamins; and is important in building connective tissue. A diet with adequate protein contains adequate sulfur. Sulfur is widely available in meat, eggs, milk, cheese, legumes, and nuts. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Chapter 8 Lesson 8.3 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Key Concepts A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Trace Elements Iron Functions Requirements Deficiency states Hemoglobin synthesis General metabolism Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources How does iron function? (in the synthesis of hemoglobin and the body’s general metabolism) 70% of the body’s iron occurs where? (in red blood cells) The major condition indicating a deficiency of iron is anemia. Ask students to name one source of iron. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Iodine Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Goiter Cretinism Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Toxicity symptoms Food sources What is iodine’s basic function in human nutrition? (It participates in the thyroid gland’s synthesis of the hormone thyroxine, which relates to the control of the body’s basal metabolic rate.) Name four deficiency disorders. (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, goiter, cretinism) What is the major reliable source of iodine? (iodized table salt) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Zinc Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Enzyme constituent Immune system Other functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources Zinc is especially important during what growth periods? (pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence) Who reported the lowest zinc intake on the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey? (children age one to three, adolescent females, and persons over 71) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Selenium Functions Requirements Deficiency states Toxicity symptoms Food sources Selenium functions with specific proteins as an essential part of an antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, which protects cells and their lipid membranes from oxidative damage. It also functions as a part of the protein center of teeth and participates in the regulation of thyroid hormone action and vitamin C activity. A mild selenium deficiency can have what effect? (It may decrease a person’s ability of fight infection. Severe deficiency may put individuals at risk for certain types of cancer.) What are good sources of selenium? (seafood, kidney, liver) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Other Trace Elements Fluoride Copper Manganese Chromium Molybdenum Other essential trace elements Ask students to volunteer to explain to the class the functions and food sources for fluoride, copper, manganese, chromium, and molybdenum. Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Mineral Supplementation Life cycle needs Pregnancy and lactation Adolescence Adulthood Clinical needs Iron-deficiency anemia Weight-loss programs Zinc deficiency Potassium-losing drugs Special needs during growth periods and in clinical situations may require individual supplements of specific major minerals or trace elements. Ask students to name five high-risk groups who may need to supplement their diet and explain why. (adolescent girls on poor diets, low-income adolescent boys, athletes, vegetarians, and elderly persons on poor diets) Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.