Chapter 13 Lesson 1- A Nation at War ACOS #11: Identify causes of the Civil War, including states’ rights and the issue of slavery. 11a: recognizing key northern and southern personalities, including Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson davis, Ulysses grant, Robert e. lee, “stonewall” Jackson, William Tecumseh Sherman, and joseph wheeler. 11b: describe social, economic, and political conditions that effected citizens during the civil war. 11c: Identify Alabama’s role in the civil war. 11d: locate on a map sites important to the civil war. 11e: explain events that led to the conclusion of the civil war.

Key Vocabulary Words Border states = slave states that stayed in the Union. Casualties = soldiers who are killed or wounded. Draft = when a government selects people to serve in the military. Emancipation = the freeing of enslaved people.

North Against South When the Civil War began, 11 southern states seceded and formed the Confederacy, or the Confederate States of America Four other slave states chose to stay in the Union: Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware. Slave states that chose to stay in the Union were called border states.

Northern Advantages The North had many advantages in the war. About 22 million people lived in the North. About 9 million people lived in the South, and about 1/3 of them were enslaved and could not become soldiers. The North had more factories for making weapons and supplies. The North had more railroad lines than the South, so soldiers and supplies could move quickly. The South did not have the factories the North had. The South’s economy was based on agriculture, or farming.

Southern Advantages A big advantage for the South is that most of the fighting took place on southern soil. They basically had the “home-field advantage.” Confederate soldiers were defending their homes, which made them fight harder. The South also had excellent leaders, such as General Robert E. Lee and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson.

Northern Plans for War Union leaders created a strategy, or plan, to defeat the South. The navy would block southern seaports so the Confederacy could not trade with other countries. This was called the Anaconda Plan, because it would “strangle” the South like a giant snake. The Navy would take control of the Mississippi River. The Union army would attack in the East and West at the same time.

Southern Plans for War The South’s strategy was to fight off northern attacks until the Confederacy could survive as a separate nation. The South believed that since many people in the North were against the war already, that if the Union lost too many battles, northerners might give up. The South also hoped to get help from Britain and France because those countries desperately needed southern cotton.

The War in the East Both sides expected a quick, easy victory. Thousands of men from the North and the South joined the Union and Confederate armies. In July 1861, a Union army left Washington with the goal of capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, about 100 miles away. The two armies fought at a stream called Bull Run, near the town of Manassas. At the end of the battle, the Union army retreated in panic. It was a victory for the South. People began to realize that the war would NOT soon end.

The Aftermath

The War’s Leaders In 1862, General Robert E. Lee took command of the Confederate army in Virginia. That year, the North tried twice more to attack Richmond. Lee defeated their army both times. After these victories, Lee decided to invade the North. Lee led his army into Maryland, but the North stopped him at the Battle of Antietam. The Battle of Antietam was the deadliest day of the entire war. The two armies suffered at least 23, 000 casualties. Soldiers who are killed or wounded are called casualties. The losses were so high, Lee decided to return to Virginia.

ov Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant Stonewall Jackson William T. Sherman

The War in the West General Ulysses S. Grant captured Confederate forts from Illinois to Tennessee. In the Battle of Shiloh, he defeated a large Confederate army. At the same time, the Union navy sailed up the Mississippi River and attacked New Orleans. By the end of 1863, the only town left on the river was Vicksburg, Mississippi.

The Governments Respond Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederacy, faced many problems. The main problem was the Union blockade closed most Confederate ports. The South had problems getting enough food, weapons, or money to fight. Not enough people wanted to join the army, so Davis had to start a draft. A draft is when the government selects people to serve in the military. Lincoln also had to start a draft, because as casualties rose, he was losing support for the war. In the North, rich people could pay to get out of the draft. This upset people who could not afford the money and those who were against the war. This even started a riot in New York City.

The Emancipation Proclamation At the start of the war, President Lincoln’s only goal was to keep the Union together. He did not plan to free enslaved people. By 1862, however, he changed his mind. Many people in the North wanted him to end slavery, and freeing enslaved people could weaken the Confederacy. He also hoped that freed slaves would work for the North. Lincoln put the Emancipation Proclamation into effect on January 1, 1863. Emancipation is the freeing of enslaved people. This proclamation declared that slaves in the Confederacy were free. It did not end slavery in the border states. The South ignored the new law. The North would have to defeat the South to free the slaves.

Vicksburg and Gettysburg In 1863, the Union won two important battles: Vicksburg and Gettysburg. The North now controlled every city along the Mississippi River. At the Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, Lee decided to invade the North again. For two days, the armies battled back and forth. On the third day, the Confederate army was forced to retreat. About half of Lee’s army had been killed or wounded. July 1863 was the turning point of the war.

The Gettysburg Address In November 1863, Abraham Lincoln gave a short speech on the battlefield of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The speech was only about two minutes long. In the ceremony honoring the Union soldiers who had died in the battle, Lincoln spoke about the meaning of the war and its terrible cost.