Ancient/Classical Greece

Greek Religion Polytheistic Anthropomorphic Interact with humans Act like humans Suprahuman Diet – ambrosia & nectar Mount Olympus

The Polis The Greek City-State

The agora (marketplace) The acropolis (defensible hill)

The Phalanx & Hoplites

The Minoans Crete 2600-1250BC

Thalassocracy Peaceful Matriarchal religion Bureaucratic monarchy Sea power Sports & Arts Technological advances Prosperous Traders

Destruction of Minoans Earthquake & Tidal Wave Attack by Mycenaeans Linear B – deciphered

The Mycenaeans To Crete from the mainland 1600-1100 BC

Militaristic and warlike Monarchy King supported by Nobles (Feudal society) Built on advances by early civilizations Declined because of internal weakness and invasions

Dorians 1100BC – Invaded Greece

Dark Age of Classical Greece More primitive/less advanced Eventually began assimilating other cultures into their own Began to become prosperous Colonization Will be followed by the Homeric Age

Phoenicians Lebanon and Syria Skilled in navigation and trading Mediterranean Colonies May have circumnavigated the globe Early example of a world economy

Alphabet 22 letters Not pictures/easier to learn

Age of Homer

Sparta Descended from the Dorians Laconia Conquered the native peoples (725BC) Made them helots (slaves) Threat of revolt Repressive Militaristic Government Spartans realized that to survive, they must militarize

2 Kings – 1 Religious, 1 Military 5 Ephors (Executives) Council of Elders (30) Assembly Military as focus of community/life Xenophobic Women

ATHENS

Hereditary aristocracy Aristocrats Merchants Farmers Poor Women Metics (foreigners) Natural resources Coastal area Agriculture grain, grapes, olives Impact on socio-economic status

Draco Peisistratus Solon Pericles Cleisthenes

Draco (612BC) “Draconian” laws End of arbitrary justice Solon (630-560) Emergency leadership Cancelled debts 4 social classes & Council of 400 Increased size of assembly Peisistratus (600-528BC) Benevolent tyrant Land given to poor farmers

Cleisthenes (500BC) Pericles (495-429BC) Democratic movement 10 tribes – along geographic lines Council of 500 & larger assembly Introduced ostracism Pericles (495-429BC) Extended democracy Champion of the poor Council of 5000

Rest of the Athenian population Women – never officially citizens No legal rights w/o male representatives Few economic or educational opportunities Role as mothers to Athenian citizens Expected to stay indoors; inner courtyards Metics (foreigners) Left out of government participation Slaves Agricultural jobs & silver mines Commercial jobs & military Most were non-Greeks, but some were debt slaves

Struggles for Control Greco-Persian Wars Peloponnesian War

Persian Wars (Phase I and Phase II) 499-449BC Ionian Revolt King Darius of Persia Pheidippides Battle of Marathon King Xerxes of Persia Silver deposits discovered King Leonidas Battle of Salamis

Peloponnesian War (431-404BC) Delian League Thucydides Sparta (land power) vs. Athens (sea power) Thebes Philip of Macedon

Greek Culture Pre-Socratics Thales – water as Heraclitus – fire primary element Heraclitus – fire “You can never step in the same stream twice Pythagoras – numbers

Sophists Socrates (c.469-399BC) Protagoras – “truth is relative” “Man is the measure of all things” Socrates (c.469-399BC) Challenged Sophists Truth & virtue connected Interested in absolutes “Socratic Method” Victim of Athenian Politics

Plato (427-347BC) Aristotle (384-322BC) Academy “Dialogues” How do we know what we know? Trust your mind not your senses “The Republic” The Guardians Education Aristotle (384-322BC) Lyceum “Father of Logic” Trust your observations (sense and mind) Timocracy

Science & Medicine Hippocrates (460-377BC) Democritus (460-370BC) “Father of Medicine” Hippocratic Oath Democritus (460-370BC) “Father of Physics Atomic theory of the universe

Lyric Poetry Tragedy & Comedy Sappho Pindar Love poetry Pindar Poetry about athletes Tragedy & Comedy Aeschylus – Greek Tragedian Patriotic themes What happens when one displays hubris Sophocles “Oedipeia” “Antigone”

Visual Arts Euripides Aristophanes Sculpture Plays about lower class people Sympathetic toward women “Medea” – a wife’s revenge Aristophanes Lysistrata – women tired of war Punishment for husbands The Clouds– critical of philosphers Visual Arts Sculpture to portray the ideal human No emotion; total control

Architecture Columns (Dorian, Ionic, Corinthian) Temples to honor the gods Open-air theaters

Pottery Showing things important to the Greeks Battles Physical contests