DNS: History and Current Issues EE DNS Forum / UADOM 2 December 2016 george.sadowsky@gmail.com Note that this is the first EEDOM meeting Congratulate Ukraine on evolving UADOM to EEDOM

Presentation outline Prologue: Birth of the Internet The DNS: A Short History The DNS: Current Status and Issues Domain Name Industry Challenges Who Runs the Internet, and How? First let me tell you what I will talk about

Prologue: Birth of the Internet 1969 – 4 universities in the U.S. linked Packet networks, NCP, 256 hosts maximum 1973+++ development of TCP/IP 1983: scheduled overnight change to TCP/IP 256 hosts to 4 billion IPv4 addresses (now insufficient) Parallel evolution of an Internet culture More recently, rapid and explosive growth Cerf: An experiment that escaped the laboratory I start with a historical perspective because often what exists In the present is best understood in the context of the past. This culture is important, and is characterized by cooperation, Collaboration and creating and sharing knowledge and information. Now declining in strength somewhat, but still quite important. Cooperative culture caused security issues to be taken too lightly

The DNS: A Short History John Postel and the hosts.txt file Paul Mockapetris and birth of DNS – 1983 –87 gTLDs and ccTLDs Privatization of names: Network Solutions 1993–4 Birth of ICANN: 1996 – 1998 Mandate for security, stability and resilience First expansion, name space: 2000 (.biz, .info …) Second expansion: 2004 (.asia, .mobi, .travel, ... .xxx) Second expansion: 2008 – present IDNs: “Internationalized” domain names DNS –a global distributed database, tree structured. Unified data base but administratively decentralized Ricardo – in discussion on the role of scarcity in economics Buy land, they aren’t making any more of it Cyberspace and the “name space”

The DNS: Current Status and Issues Current size and distribution About 350 million names IDNs, Unicode but not Universal Acceptance (yet) DN industry and market not fully understood CCT – competition study now being completed by ICANN Implications of private sector leadership Many registries, many policies Semantic issues, consumer confusion Intellectual property issues Of existing names, many parked (held for speculative purposes or for later use). Major secondary markets in popular top level gTLDs Help expand market by working to advance UA in mail, web clients and applications DNI still in adolescence, evolving in ways we can’t foresee.

Domain Name Industry Challenges Security weaknesses Exploitation by ‘cybercrime industry’ Eventual saturation, level/decreasing demand Replacement by other identifier systems Use of search makes URLs transparent Alternate roots Digital Object Architecture and the Handle System 5G mobile addressing Intergovernmental takeover We in the DNI are learning as we go, industry and Internet use expanding very rapidly, and it’s not possible to foresee all issues that will emerge Problem is that expansion is driven by private sector, and so serious issues may be homeless (temporarily or for a long time) until their importance is recognized and they are either claimed or assigned. Example is hijacking of IOT nodes Due to weakness of initial IOT environment

Who Runs the Internet, and How? Voluntary cooperative efforts The I* organizations: ISOC, ICANN, IETF, RIRs, W3C … Emergence of the “multistakeholder model” ICANN as ‘coordinator’ of domain name industry Mandate: ensure security, stability and resiliency of Internet with respect to its addressing identifiers ICANN emerging independent from IANA transition Success depends upon community actions Engage in ICANN policy process Shaping the future now Let’s put this discussion into an organizational context now. Administration of Internet has been hugely successful in general Scaling from 256 to billions of nodes (thanks IETF!) Voluntary cooperative efforts have worked MSM a new form of admin/governance recognize differences exist among stakeholder groups offers arena to resolve competing differences success depends upon shared goal and MS structure no guarantee of closure, progress I* participation offers such a structure which is working Critical role of consumer/user trust Need healthy domains industry Hope that meeting provides an appreciation and understanding of our interdependencies as a DNI and as a large Internet community

DNS: History and Current Issues george.sadowsky@gmail.com With that, I return the parole to __________