Resilience Concepts and Measurement Workshop 1.1 Introduction to the Resilience Framework Tim Frankenberger TANGO International Washington, D.C. January 11, 2017

Welcome and Opening Remarks Why are we focused on resilience? Overview and structure of workshop Participant expectations

Session 1.1 Overview Resilience: How is it defined? Key principles Three resilience capacities Conceptual framework End of session discussion: How do you conceptualize resilience? Do we have a common understanding of resilience? What are the differences with the framework presented here, or across offices/ organizations?

Background: Why resilience? Increased exposure to complex risk scenarios Reduce vulnerabilities Promote sustainable development

Background: Contributors to vulnerability Recurrent economic and environmental shocks High levels of poverty Weak governance Scarcity of natural resources Food insecurity & malnutrition Gender inequality Climate change Population pressure Conflict

Defining Resilience Resilience has emerged to address chronic vulnerability of drought-prone populations in various contexts. The ability of people, households, communities, countries, and systems to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks and stresses in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive growth (USAID, 2012) The capacity that ensures adverse stressors and shocks do not have long-lasting adverse development consequences (FSIN RM-TWG, 2012)

Resilience Principles Multidimensional capacity: Resilience capacity draws on a wide array of resources including: human, social, economic, physical, programmatic, and ecological resources.

Resilience Principles Multi-level: observed at a given level (e.g., HH/community) but understood as a multi-level construct. Systems-based: Interventions should be sensitive to nested dependencies between households, communities, systems and regions.

Resilience Principles Two key features: Shock dynamics In both preparation & as a response to disturbances Covariate /idiosyncratic Capacities Ability to absorb, adapt to, and if bad enough, to transform in order to deal with shocks

Three Resilience Capacities

Three Resilience Capacities Absorptive capacity The ability to minimize exposure to shocks and stresses through preventative measures and appropriate coping strategies to avoid permanent, negative impacts

Three Resilience Capacities Adaptive capacity Making proactive and informed choices about alternative livelihood strategies based on an understanding of changing conditions

Three Resilience Capacities Transformative capacity The governance mechanisms, policies/regulations, infrastructure, community networks, cultural norms and formal and informal social protection mechanisms that constitute the enabling environment for systemic change [Session 1.2 discusses these capacities in more detail]

Outcome-indexed capacities Resilience capacity should be indexed to a given well- being outcome The outcome of interest may typically include some dimension of well-being such as: basic health, food and nutrition security, or poverty status

Operationalizing Resilience Principles Threshold A set of capacities Realized in connection with some disturbance Indexed to an outcome Operationalizing Resilience Principles

Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework for resilience integrates four types of frameworks/approaches: Livelihoods: assets, structures and processes, livelihood strategies, and outcomes Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): preparedness, prevention, response and recovery Climate change adaptation (CCA): managing and adapting to long term trends and future uncertainty Ecological: resource base, agro-ecological zones, natural resource management practices

Systems Perspective Systems perspective: How can the many aspects of context reflect the interdependent relationships that exist across systems and influence capacities? The resilience approach to build transformative capacity, while complex because of engagement with high-level and government systems, is useful for systems changes.

Conceptual Framework

Unpacking the Conceptual Framework Components of the resilience conceptual framework: Context Level of aggregation Shock exposure Resilience capacities Sensitivity and reaction: resilience and vulnerability pathways Well-being outcomes/impacts

Context Matters Environmental, political, social, economic, historical, demographic, religious, conflict, and policy conditions Examples of positive and negative trends: economies can improve or decline environments are degraded/restored long-term weather patterns change Context affects, and is affected by, absorptive and adaptive capacities

Level of Aggregation Unit of analysis for determining resilience of what? or resilience for whom? ‘Nested hierarchy’- Resilient individuals and households are the foundation for resilient communities Resilience at one level does not automatically result in resilience at higher levels

Shocks and Stressors Threaten lives and livelihood systems – rapid onset or regular and predictable (seasonal or disease) Idiosyncratic / Covariate Resilience to one type of shock does not ensure resilience to others Exposure – magnitude, frequency & duration Resilience can be measured before, during or after a shock

Livelihood Strategies Adaptive capacity/livelihood strategies: A range of livelihood strategies are used to secure quality of life and avoid exposure to risk: asset maximizing, risk reduction, and coping (negative and positive) strategies

Livelihood Strategies Households form livelihood strategies based on: Shocks/trends they are exposed to, The combination of assets they possess, and The overall environment of structures and processes

Sensitivity A cumulative outcome of adaptive capacity Sensitivity determines the degree to which an individual, household, or community will be affected by a given shock or stress Greater sensitivity = Lower degree of resilience Lower sensitivity = Greater resilience

Outcomes Resilience and vulnerability pathways lead to well-being (or livelihood) outcomes: Nutritional security Habitat security Food security Social network security Income security Personal security (physical safety) Education security Environmental security (healthy environment) These outcomes/impacts affect future vulnerability to risk.

HADA Coordination Coordination of humanitarian assistance(HA) to development assistance (DA) for building resilience Reduces the need for humanitarian action, while protecting and improving development gains

Small group Discussion Unpacking the resilience framework by contextualizing resilience components: What do the various components of the framework look like based on your experience? What are contextual considerations that influence vulnerabilities or capacities of households and communities? Based on your own experience, how are household- level and community-level abilities to cope/recover related? (or other levels?)

Plenary Discussion How does your organization (USAID office/Implementing Partner office) currently conceptualize resilience? Do we have a common understanding of resilience across offices/organizations? What are the differences with the framework presented here, or across offices/organizations?

References USAID. 2012. Building Resilience to Recurrent Crisis. USAID Policy and Program Guide. December. Food Security Information Network (FSIN). 2016. Resilience Measurement - What is resilience and why measure it?. See: http://www.fsincop.net/topics/resilience- measurement/en/?page=4&ipp=7&no_cache=1 Béné, C., Godfrey Wood, R., Newsham, A. and Davies, M. 2012. Resilience: new utopia or new tyranny? Reflection about the potentials and limits of the concept of resilience in relation to vulnerability reduction programmes. Institute of Development Studies Working Paper, 405, 21. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 2011. Horn of Africa Drought map. See: http://pages.au.int/savinglives/documents/horn-africa-drought-map TANGO 2012. Adapted from DFID Disaster Resilience Framework (2011), TANGO Livelihoods Framework (2007), DFID Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (1999) and CARE Household Livelihood Security Framework (2002). World Health Organization (WHO). N.d. A man wades through a flood-ravaged area in Pakistan. Photo taken by Syed Haider. See: http://www.who.int/features/galleries/pakistan_photo_gallery/en/ USAID. N.d. Principles of Sequencing, Layering, and Integrating. Presentation.