Scientific Method, Skills and Safety Scientific Literacy Science Lab Safety WHMIS, MSDS, HHPS Observations vs. Inferences Significant Digits/Figures Scientific Notation The Scientific Method Metric Conversions

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Scientific Literacy Charlatans - a person who falsely pretends to know or be something in order to deceive people

Scientific Literacy What is Scientific Literacy? Look it up.

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Science Lab Safety See how videos are embedded into the Power Point slides Safety Video

Safety Challenge Look at the picture given to you and list as many unsafe features of the lab as you can.

WHMIS Stands for ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ The purpose of WHMIS is hazard identification and product classification, ____________

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MSDS Stands for ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ Are available for ……………………………

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Hazardous Household Product Symbols

All Possible HHP Symbols Poisonous Flammable Explosive Corrosive Danger Warning Caution

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OBSERVATIONS AND INFERENCES Observation: statement of facts and occurrences that are made using our senses and sometimes by measurement with scientific instruments. e.g. The …………………………… The temperature of your grade 9 teacher’s coffee is 80oC. ……………………………

OBSERVATIONS AND INFERENCES e.g. …………………………… …………………………… Your own examples

Try It Give 2 observations from the picture. Picture Removed 2. Give 2 inferences from the picture.

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Significant Digits (Figures) Significant digits represent the amount of uncertainty in a measurement. _______________ E.g. The length of something is between 5.2 and 5.3 cm. Suppose we estimate it to be 5.23 cm.

Significant Digits The first 2 digits (5 and 2) are certain but the last digit (0.03) was estimated. Therefore, ____________

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Significant Digits Rules 2) ____________ e.g. 1207 m = 4 s.d., 120.5 km/h = 4 s.d.

Significant Digits Rules 3) ____________ e.g. ……………………………..

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Significant Digits Rules 5) All counting numbers have an infinite number of significant digits because we are certain of the exact number e.g. ____________ See how videos are embedded into the Power Point slides Significant Digits

Scientific Notation

How far away is the nearest Star besides our Sun (Proxima Centauri)? ___________________ This number …………………….

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Write the distance to Proxima Centauri in scientific notation. 40 000 000 000 000 km Where is the decimal point now? _______________ Where would you put the decimal to make this number be between 1 and 10?

4.0,000,000,000,000. ……………………. ___________ When the original number is more than 1, the exponent is positive. The answer in scientific notation is ____________

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Write 28750.9 in scientific notation. 2.87509 x 10-5 2.87509 x 10-4 2.87509 x 104 2.87509 x 105

Example Given: 289,800,000 Use: 2.898 (moved 8 places) Answer:____________

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……………….. ____________ 2) ……………….. Write in PROPER scientific notation. (Notice the number is not between 1 and 10) ……………….. ____________ 2) ………………..

Write 531.42 x 105 in scientific notation.

We can also go the other way Express ……………… in decimal notation. ____________ Express ………………in decimal notation.

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Example Given: 1.976 x 10-4 Answer: ____________

Significant Digits and Scientific Notation When trying to determine the number of significant digits within scientific notation we leave it the way it is and follow the same rules and pretend the x 10n is not there. E.g. 0.01130x10-4 ____________ 5.3x1015 ____________

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The Scientific Method Video has been removed

The Nine Steps of the Scientific Method Questioning Controlling Variables Making a hypothesis Planning Performing Observing Analyzing Conclusion Communicating

1) Asking a question Semi-formal ____________________ ……………….. E.g. Are ………………..

2) Controlling the variables Variables are factors that can affect the outcome of an investigation: Independent variable – ____________________ Dependent variable – ____________________ 3) Controlled/Standardizing variable – ______________ 4) Control Group – ………………..

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Practice Patty Power Mr. Krabbs wants to make ……………….. What is the independent variable? _________________________ What is the dependent variable? _________________________ Which people are in the control group? _________________________

Variables Worksheet The worksheet link has been removed

3) Making a hypothesis A Hypothesis is a tentative answer about the outcome of an experiment ____________________ ……………….. Can usually be derived directly from your original question Must be feasibly testable

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4) Planning Identify all your variables ………………..

Writing a procedure A procedure is a ____________________ Hints: Be specific, be exact, watch your language. Try this: In a group of 2, ………………..

5) Performing the experiment Follow procedures exactly, if procedures are unclear ask ____________________ Record which variables are being changed and how they are being changed ………………..

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Graphing Rules for Graphing 1. Always give your graph a title in the following form: ____________ Let's say that you're doing a graph where you're studying the effect of temperature on the speed of a reaction. In this reaction ……………….. As a result, the title of your graph will be __________________ 2. The x-axis of a graph is always your independent variable and the y-axis is the dependent variable. For the graph described above, ………………..

3. Always label the x and y axes and give units. E. g 3. Always label the x and y axes and give units. E.g. temperature on the x-axis would be – ……………….. 4. Make a line graph unless told otherwise but don’t connect the dots. 5. Most of the time, you do not connect the dots on your graph! Instead, ……………….. 6. Make sure your data is graphed as large as possible in the space you've been given.

Examples of Graphing Let's see what's wrong with this graph: ___________

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GRAPHING RULES CHECKLIST All graphs made in this course must meet the requirements outlined in the following checklist. 1. ……………….. 2. Your ……………….. 3. The axes should be spread out enough to fill at least 2/3rds of the available space. 4. Title - ……………….. - ……………….. 5. Axes labels - written in pen - name of variable with units in brackets e.g. mass (kg) 6. ……………….. 7. Points – plot using either ‘ X ’ through the point or circle the point 8. ………………..

8) Conclusion ___________ 9) Communicating

Your Lab Reports **ALL MUST ……………….. ** Question: Hypothesis: Variables: Materials: Procedure: Results: Conclusion: **ALL MUST ……………….. **

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Scientific Method Review Crossword Crossword link has been removed

Metric Conversions

Metric and Unit Conversions Metric and Unit conversions are necessary in science since results within experiments may be measured using different equipment. In order to accurately compare results, it is important that we ensure that the units on the measurements match up. Also, ………………..

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Conversions (1st Way) How many mm are in a m? ___________ How many mm are in 3.5 m? ? mm = 1000mm ……………….. 3.5m 1m ? mm (3.5m) = 1000mm (3.5m)  ? = ……………….. 3.5m 1m

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