Chapter 3: Curriculum © VAN SCHAIK PUBLISHERS Chapter 3: Curriculum

Department of Educational Studies Learning outcomes You should be able to: Implement the curriculum in the form of a lesson plan Distinguish and apply the introductory, content and feedback phase when planning a lesson Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Department of Educational Studies Lesson phases A lesson can be divided in three phases Can you name these phases? Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Concluding/Feedback phase Introductory phase State the lesson objectives and outcome Introduce the new content in a creative and interesting way Point out the relationship of the lesson to previous ones Content phase New content is presented Concluding/Feedback phase Evaluation and assessment Determine if the objectives of the lesson have been actualised

The Introductory Phase: State the lesson outcomes and objectives Ask questions on prior learning related to the topic or play a video clip related to the topic for not more than three minutes or use a case scenario to illustrate or identify the problem or use a guess speaker to introduce the new topic or set a short quiz on the new content use role play to gain interest in the topic or bring real life objects to class   Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Department of Educational Studies Content phase New content is introduced; Teach content using the media (posters, models, pictures etc) you have planned for the lesson; State a problem to motivate learners’ to find solutions and discover new content and Learners do research on the topic prior to the actual lesson.   Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Concluding/Feedback phase Summarise new content that was taught in the lesson; Learners’ class activities are assessed and handed back to them and Immediate feedback is necessary to improve learning as learners learn from their mistakes.   Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

A proposed template for a lesson plan   1. Date: 2. Duration: (allocated time ) 3. School: 4.Grade: 5.Subject: 6.Theme: select from CAPS document 7.Topic: Select from CAPS document 8.Lesson aim: Select from CAPS document (specific for each subject) Aims: are broader long-term goals and take years to achieve. For example to ‘develop English competency in reading and writing in the language subject English’ Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

A proposed template for a lesson plan (continue) 9. Lesson Objectives What are the skills, content, values that a learner will acquire at the end of the lesson? What is the purpose of the lesson? Objectives of a lesson The formulation of clear aims and objectives Objectives: are short-term intentional targets created for a specific activity of what learners should be able to do and know at the end of a lesson. Objectives guide the teacher to: select content, decide on how much content and in what order content should be instructed. : Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Objectives can be classified in three domains Affective domain Emotional development of learners. Psychomotor domain: related to the motor and muscular skills that learners must acquire. Cognitive domain: the development of learners’ cognitive abilities. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

A proposed template for a lesson plan (continue) 10. Actualisation of prior knowledge (use 15% of your allocated time) For example: ask questions, set a quiz or short test. 11. Lesson Introduction (use 15% of your allocated time) Motivate learners’ and stimulate their interest in this lesson. For example, use real life objects, videos, role play, music and others that are related to the lesson topic. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities

A proposed template for a lesson plan (continue) 12. Exposition of new content (explain new content) (use 25% of your allocated time) Explain step by step, new content to class using media and sources. 13. Class activities including evaluation of class activities (use 40% of your allocated time) Create teaching activities for the teacher. Create differentiated class activities for the learner. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

A proposed template for a lesson plan (continue) 14. Teaching and learning methods Select teaching and learning strategies according to the topic of the lesson and the needs of the learners? Decide on group work or individual work. What class work tasks could help learners to deepen their understanding of this topic? Some examples of teaching & learning strategies are: discussion, show, tell & explain, debate, draw, illustrate, quiz, investigation, experiments, calculate, etc. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

A proposed template for a lesson plan (continue) 15. Summary (use 5% of your allocated time) Summarise the new content that was taught in the lesson 16. Sources needed / Teaching and learning media: Posters, models, video clips, pictures etc. 17. Homework / Assessment Self ,Peer/group or teacher assessment: 18. Teacher reflection You need to fill this in after completion of the lesson. Determine good and bad practices, and change methods, activities etc. accordingly. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

The advantages of planning a lesson Order your class. Sets the correct example: As role model Creates a learning atmosphere: create an informal, disciplined and interactive atmosphere Saves time Contributes to work satisfaction Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Planning curriculum integration in different subjects Example Science: Explain, identify and inquiry the hazardous metals and other components that electronic equipment are composed of. Technology: Identify the different components in a computer. Life Sciences: Read additional articles and publications and determine what the effects of E-waste on human health are. English: Write an essay or hold debates on the effects of e-waste on the maintaining of a sustainable environment. Mathematics: in a graph how many billions kilogram of plastics, lead and mercury are currently dumped in the world as E-waste. Economics: How can the recycling of E-waste contribute to a country’s economical growth? Business Management: Compile a business plan for a company Art: Use E-waste components and construct a usable item, such as a chair, desk etc. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Continuity and implementation of the planned curriculum skills concepts knowledge attitudes experiences aims and objectives social experiences assessment marks Continuity and implementation of the planned curriculum

Department of Educational Studies Class activity Plan a complete lesson in one of your major subjects using the provided lesson plan template as a guideline. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Department of Educational Studies Summary A lesson plan consists of a introductory, content and concluding phase. A template can be used to plan a lesson. Objectives can be classified in the affective, psychomotor and cognitive domain. A topic of a lesson can be integrated in all other subjects. The teacher is a role model therefore well planned lessons are needed. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Reflection Write down: What new concepts did you learn? Which concepts are still unclear to you? You should think back on today’s lesson and write down in three sentences: What sections of the lesson plan do I not understand?

Department of Educational Studies Homework Why do you think a curriculum is important? Describe step by step how you will plan a detailed curriculum for one of your major subjects. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Department of Educational Studies Possible answers 1. A curriculum provides the teacher with: a timeframe, objectives, learning outcomes, teaching and assessment methods, content, learning, teaching and remedial activities and resources that a school uses to teach learners. Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager

Department of Educational Studies Possible answers 2. I will use the following components to plan my curriculum: What will establish the aim, objectives and learning outcomes of my curriculum. Establish what subject matter will be included in the curriculum. Which activities will I create to teach the subject matter? What sources are available to teach and apply the content? What is the time frame that I can construct my curriculum for? Which stakeholders are important for the successful implementation and teaching of the curriculum? How can I accommodate all learners’ needs in the curriculum? What are the needs of the community?   Department of Educational Studies Faculty of Humanities Compiled by T de Jager