Current sequencing technology makes microhaplotypes a powerful new type of genetic marker for forensics Kenneth K. Kidd, Andrew J. Pakstis, William C.

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Current sequencing technology makes microhaplotypes a powerful new type of genetic marker for forensics Kenneth K. Kidd, Andrew J. Pakstis, William C. Speed, Robert Lagacé, Joseph Chang, Sharon Wootton, Eva Haigh, Judith R. Kidd Forensic Science International: Genetics Volume 12, Pages 215-224 (September 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.014 Copyright © 2014 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Average heterozygosity and Fst values for 31 independent microhaplotypes in 54 populations. The loci are labeled by gene name and chromosome number referring to descriptions in Table 1; loci are ordered here by average heterozygosity. The full distribution of heterozygosities is given in Supplemental Fig. S1. Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.014) Copyright © 2014 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Match probabilities and most common genotype frequency in 54 populations based on 31 microhaplotypes. The populations are indicated across the bottom in an approximate geographic order as in Supplemental Table S1. Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.014) Copyright © 2014 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Principal components analysis based on TAU genetic distance matrix for 31 independent microhaps in 54 population samples. The first 2 principal components account for 69.6% of the variation among populations; the third accounts for an additional 12.3% and the plot of PC1 by PC3 is in supplemental material. Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.014) Copyright © 2014 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Selected population-specific microhap allele frequencies as stacked bars illustrating different global patterns of haplotype frequencies, indicated as colors. Populations are arrayed in an approximate geographic order as in Supplemental Table S1. (a) The microhap frequencies at RXRA illustrate a locus with low Fst most suitable for individual or lineage identification irrespective of population. The haplotypes are defined by the nucleotide alleles at rs3118582 and rs10776839. (b) The microhap frequencies at EDAR illustrate a locus with high Fst most suitable for ancestry inference. The five observed haplotypes (of eight possible) are defined by the nucleotide alleles at rs260694, rs11123719, and rs11691107. Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.014) Copyright © 2014 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10 Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.014) Copyright © 2014 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10 Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.014) Copyright © 2014 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10 Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.014) Copyright © 2014 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10 Forensic Science International: Genetics 2014 12, 215-224DOI: (10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.014) Copyright © 2014 The Authors Terms and Conditions