Axial and Appendicular Skeletons Ag Fact- Most peaches that are imported to the United States during winter months come from Chile. Objective- Students will be able to compare and contrast the axial and appendicular skeletons.

Two Major Sections of the Skeleton Axial Skeleton Skull, Vertebrae, Ribs, and sternum Appendicular Skeleton Consists of the limb bones Total Number of bones varies between species

Axial Skeleton Skull (Cranium) Protection of the brain and other organ of special senses. Moveable mandible allows animals to obtain and chew food Holds teeth Shape Different among species.

Axial Skeleton Vertebral Column Length of the body Protects the spinal cord and allows for movement Bony Arch

Axial Skeleton Intervertebral Disks Intervertebral Disk Disease Between the vertebras Strong, fibrous outer rings and soft spongy centers Provides cushioning Intervertebral Disk Disease Disk becomes less spongy Pressure between the vertebrae cause the center to rupture

Axial Skeleton Vertebral column broken down into anatomic division Cervical Vertebrae- neck Atlas- up-down movement Axis- rotate back and forth

Axial Skeleton Thoracic Vertebrae Attached to the Ribs Protects the heart and lungs Ribs join at the sternum

Axial Skeleton Lumbar Vertebrae Lower back- between thoracic vertebra and pelvis Flexion and extension Supports the organs in the abdomen

Axial Skeleton Sacrum Group of three sacral vertebrae Joins with the pelvis Pelvis may split away from sacrum Very painful Heals with restricted activities

Axial Skeleton Cauda or coccygeal Comprised of the tail

Appendicular Skeleton Thoracic limb scapula – shoulder blade humerus - long bone of the upper arm radius - one of 2 long bones of the forearm ulna - one of 2 long bones of the forearm carpus - wrist or knee metacarpals phalanges Pelvic limb pelvis femur - long bone of the thigh tibia - one of 2 long bones of the lower leg fibula - one of 2 long bones of the lower leg tarsus metatarsals

Appendicular Skeleton Forelimbs Scapula (shoulder Blade) lays flat Rotation up to 25 degrees High-rise syndrome Cats rarely break a leg when falling from a great distance Elbow flexes and scapula rotate Cats break their lower jaw

Appendicular Skeleton Forelimbs Humerus is the upper bone of the forelimb # 3 Jointed to scapula with ball and socket joint Joins at elbow to radius and ulna Hinge joint Radius#5 and Ulna #4 run to the carpus

Appendicular Skeleton Forelimbs Carpal Bones join to the long metacarpal bones. The horse has two smaller metacarpal bones, called a splint. Ruminants (Cattle and Sheep) have a large metacarpal bone

Appendicular Skeleton Forelimbs Phalanges Singular phalanx Covered by hoof or nail

Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Limbs Does form a bony connection with the spine. The pelvis is made of two halves Halves are divided up into regions Ilium Ischium Pubis

Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Limbs Acetabulum or socket portion of the hip joint. Accepts the ball portion of the femur The femur extends down the leg to the level of the knee or stifle.

Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Limbs Tibia-Lower leg Heavy bone Weight bearing Extends down to the hock Fibula – also present in the lower leg Smaller than the tibia Provides muscle attachment

Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Limbs There is hinge joint between the tibia and tarsal bones. Tarsal bones arranged in the same fashion as the carpal bones

Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Limbs Metatarsal are in identical order as metacarpal bone in the front leg.

Appendicular Skeleton Pelvic Limbs Phalanges The number of bones in the hind foot generally matches that of the thoracic limb.

Chicken (Fowl)

Dog Skeleton Review 1. Coccygeal vertebra 2. Sacrum 3. Lumbar vertebrae 4. Thoracic vertebrae 5. Cervical vertebrae 6. Skull 7. Scapula 8. Shoulder 9. Humerus 10. Elbow 11. Radius 12. Carpus 13. Metacarpals 14. Ulna 15. Ribs 17. Metatarsals 18. Tarsus 19. Fibula 20. Tibia 21. Knee (stifle) 22. Pelvis Dog Skeleton Review