Organic Nomenclature & Functional Groups

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Presentation transcript:

Organic Nomenclature & Functional Groups CHE2060 2: Simple structures, functional groups Topics Drawing molecular structures Arrow formalism & molecular framework Introduction to alkanes Isomers IUPAC naming of alkanes Alkyl halides & cycloalkanes Functional groups: where the action is Alkenes: hydrocarbons with > one double bond Alkynes: hydrocarbons with > one triple bond Alkene isomers: who’s across that double bond? Arenes Organohalogens Using molecular formulas Daley & Daley, Chapter 2 Organic Nomenclature & Functional Groups

Isomers

configurational isomers conformational isomers Types of isomers Same formula Different in some way isomers Same connectivity? no yes constitutional isomers stereoisomers Different single bond rotation? no yes configurational isomers conformational isomers mirror images? no yes diastereomers enantiomers & cis-trans or E-Z Karty p.177

Isomers Constitutional or structural isomers: molecules that have the same types & numbers of atoms, but with different arrangement, bonding or connectivity. molecular formulas are identical structures are distinct physical properties differ Stereoisomers are a different & distinct type of isomer discussed later. C4H8? (one C=C bond or one ring is needed) H H H | | | H - C = C - C - C - H | | | H H H H H \ / C - H / H - C = C | \ H C - H / \ H H \ / H C | / | H - C - C | | | \ | H H C / \ H H H H | | H - C -- C - H | | H H H H H | | | H - C - C = C - C - H | | | H H H D&D p.78

Isomers can be straight or branched. Draw a chain of the proper number of carbons & then fill in with Hs. Chains can be ‘straight’ or branched. H H H H H | | | | | H - C - C - C - C - C - H | | | | | H H H H H Make isomers of C5H12: n-pentane C - C - C - C - C straight chain H H H \ | / H C H \ | / H - C - C - C - H / | \ H C H / | \ C - C - C same | C C | C - C - C cruciform C So there are just 3 isomers of C5H12. C | C - C - C - C branched chain H H H \ | / H C H H | | | | H - C - C - C - C - H | | | | H H H H 2,2-dimethylpropane C | C - C - C - C same 2-methylbutane

Isomers have distinct physical properties. Of course, the chemical properties of isomers may differ, but physical properties are also distinct. Make isomers of C2H6O: H H | | H - C - C - O - H | | H H H H | | H - C - O - C - H | | H H .. .. .. .. Ethanol b.p. 78°C Diethyl ether b.p. -24°C What do you know of their chemical properties?

Example: How many isomers? Draw all structural isomers of C6H14!