Conjunctions That Join Equals Objectives Distinguish between simple and compound sentences. Punctuate compound sentences joined by and, or, not, and but. Punctuate compound sentences using conjunctive adverbs such as therefore, however, and consequently.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Recognize correlative conjunctions such as either . . . or, neither . . . nor, and not only . . . but also. Use parallel constructions in composing sentences with correlative conjunctions.

What are conjunctions? Conjunctions are words that grammatically join equal or unequal words or word groups.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Coordinating Conjunctions Join words, phrases, and clauses of equal grammatical value or rank. Most common are and, or, but, and nor.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Coordinating Conjunctions Join words Our copier is fast, simple, and economical. Join phrases Mail is delivered in the morning and in the afternoon.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Coordinating Conjunctions Join clauses Miss Soto is the accounts manager, but Mr. Heinz helps her when necessary.

Simple Sentences Ryan created the database. Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone. Ryan created the database.

Simple Sentences Ryan created the database. subject Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone. Ryan created the database. subject

Simple Sentences Ryan created the database. subject + verb Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone. Ryan created the database. subject + verb

Simple Sentences Ryan created the database. subject + verb + object Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone. Ryan created the database. subject + verb + object

Simple Sentences Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone. Ryan created the database. subject + verb + object = clause

Simple Sentences Simple sentences have one independent clause that can stand alone. Ryan created the database. subject + verb + object = clause ^period

Compound Sentences Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses.

Compound Sentences Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

Compound Sentences subject Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

Compound Sentences subject + verb Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject + verb Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

Compound Sentences subject + verb + object Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject + verb + object Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1 Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject + verb + object = clause 1 Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1 Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject + verb + object = clause 1 Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1 Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject + verb + object = clause 1 Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data.

Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1 subject Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject + verb + object = clause 1 Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data. subject

Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1 subject + verb Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject + verb + object = clause 1 Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data. subject + verb

Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1 Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject + verb + object = clause 1 Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data. subject + verb + object

Compound Sentences subject + verb + object = clause 1 Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses. subject + verb + object = clause 1 Ryan created the database, and Sherri entered data. subject + verb + object = clause 2

Conjunctions and Punctuation Punctuating Compound Sentences When a coordinating conjunction joins clauses in compound sentences, a comma precedes the conjunction unless the clauses are very short.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Punctuating Compound Sentences Data Systems has many programs for small businesses, but it has nothing for larger businesses. We called yesterday and we wrote today.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Punctuating Compound Sentences Data Systems has many programs for small businesses, but it has nothing for larger businesses. We called yesterday and we wrote today.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound verbs. We can help you improve your management skills and enhance your career within months.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases. You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases. You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases. You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases. You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Omitting Commas Do not use commas when coordinating conjunctions join compound prepositional phrases. You may come to our downtown headquarters or to one of our suburban branch offices.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.

Check your skill . . . Comma Not Needed Where would you place a comma, if needed? 1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money. Comma Not Needed

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 1. Our engineers are working on ways to improve our products and to continue to save you time and money.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 2. We appreciate your interest in our company and we are sending you the brochures you requested.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 2. We appreciate your interest in our company and we are sending you the brochures you requested.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 2. We appreciate your interest in our company, and we are sending you the brochures you requested.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 2. We appreciate your interest in our company, and we are sending you the brochures you requested.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.

Check your skill . . . Comma Not Needed Where would you place a comma, if needed? 3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately. Comma Not Needed

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 3. Wrap it carefully and send it immediately.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.

Check your skill . . . Comma Not Needed Where would you place a comma, if needed? 4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company. Comma Not Needed

Check your skill . . . Where would you place a comma, if needed? 4. We can install a system to meet your immediate needs or design a system that will grow with your company.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Conjunctive Adverbs In addition to coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs may be used to join equal sentence elements.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Conjunctive Adverbs Here are some common conjunctive adverbs: consequently hence in fact however thus in the meantime therefore then moreover that is on the contrary on the other hand

Conjunctions and Punctuation Using Semicolons Semicolons are used before conjunctive adverbs that join independent clauses. First, Nancy Latour was honored; then Charlotte Cohen received an award.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Using Commas Commas immediately follow conjunctive adverbs of two or more syllables. Our supply of cassettes is quite low; therefore, we must reorder immediately.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Using Commas Many words that function as conjunctive adverbs may also serve as parenthetical (interrupting) adverbs. Use commas to set off parenthetical adverbs that interrupt the flow of a sentence.

Conjunctions and Punctuation Using Commas We are, therefore, forced to find a new supplier. You may, on the contrary, prefer a computer.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Correlative Conjunctions Certain conjunctions are always paired: both . . . and not only . . . but (or but also) either . . . or neither . . . nor

Conjunctions That Join Equals Correlative Conjunctions For greater emphasis use correlative conjunctions instead of coordinating conjunctions. Your order will be mailed on Friday or on Monday. Your order will be mailed either on Friday or on Monday.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Correlative Conjunctions In using correlative conjunctions, place them so that the words, phrases, and clauses being joined are parallel in construction.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Correlative Conjunctions Parallel: You may go either in June or in July. prepositional prepositional phrase phrase Not Parallel: Either you may go in June or in July. clause phrase

Conjunctions That Join Equals Correlative Conjunctions Parallel: I am not only pleased but also honored to have your assistance. Not Parallel: Not only am I pleased to have your assistance but I am also honored.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Other Coordinating Conjunctions Most commonly used coordinating conjunctions: and but or nor Three other coordinating conjunctions used occasionally: yet for so

Conjunctions That Join Equals Other Coordinating Conjunctions Jane said that she wanted to go, yet she hasn’t called. Filling that position will not be easy, for few applicants have the necessary computer training.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Other Coordinating Conjunctions As a coordinating conjunction, the word so should be used only in informal writing or conversation.

Conjunctions That Join Equals Other Coordinating Conjunctions Informal: The west parking lot is full, so you should use the south lot. Improved: The west parking lot is full; therefore, you should use the south lot. Improved: Because the west parking lot is full, you should use the south lot.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government nevertheless will suggest no new taxes. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government nevertheless will suggest no new taxes. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 1. The economy has suffered setbacks; the government, nevertheless, will suggest no new taxes.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 2. This new benefit plan will cost more money consequently we can expect our overall expenditures to increase. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 2. This new benefit plan will cost more money consequently we can expect our overall expenditures to increase. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 2. This new benefit plan will cost more money; consequently, we can expect our overall expenditures to increase.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 3. The board of directors is expanding benefits hence the employees’ union is pleased. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 3. The board of directors is expanding benefits hence the employees’ union is pleased. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 3. The board of directors is expanding benefits; hence the employees’ union is pleased.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 4. New office furniture has been ordered and should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 5. New office furniture has been ordered and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 5. New office furniture has been ordered and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 5. New office furniture has been ordered, and it should arrive from the East within two weeks’ time.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 6. Our gross income decreased last year on the other hand indications suggest increased income this year. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 6. Our gross income decreased last year on the other hand indications suggest increased income this year. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 6. Our gross income decreased last year; on the other hand, indications suggest increased income this year.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 7. The president said moreover that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 7. The president said moreover that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 7. The president said, moreover, that he expects the increased income to result in higher profits.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 8. Our stationery arrived and I like it. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 8. Our stationery arrived and I like it. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 8. Our stationery arrived and I like it.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 9. His salary in his new position is low but the potential for growth is great. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 9. His salary in his new position is low but the potential for growth is great. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 9. His salary in his new position is low, but the potential for growth is great.

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 10. Our sales reps need laptop computers consequently I am checking prices. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 10. Our sales reps need laptop computers consequently I am checking prices. a. ; ___, b. ; ___ c. , ___ d. , ___, e. none

Chapter 14 - Quiz Indicate the punctuation mark(s) that should precede and/or follow the underscored word(s). 10. Our sales reps need laptop computers; consequently, I am checking prices.

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