Fertilizers and Climate Change Looking to 2050 Michiel Stork; M.Stork@ecofys.com September 23rd, 2015

Remember It is not just about tonnes fertilizer, it is also about how fertilizers are used; Two key building blocks: Nitric acid: Emissions have already decreased steeply and are projected to decrease further; Ammonia: Some potential to reduce emissions with current technology; Power-based ammonia production is currently too expensive; switching to periodic cheap renewable power might become feasible; CCS has potential to deeply decarbonize the production of fertilizers at apt locations if enabled; Proof point: The ‘etrium’ The ‘etrium’ in Cologne, Germany is the first passive-house office to combine efficiency with user needs. Reflecting the integrated atrium, a glazed roof patio in the centre of the building, and excellent energy efficiency, the building is called ‘etrium’. This 3-storey building with a floor space of 3751 m2 has enough space for up to 150 employees and saves 70% primary energy compared to normal offices. The economic energy-efficient concept was designed by Ecofys and is mainly based on a low-tech approach in which user behavior can lead to additional energy savings. The concept has been proven to work all year round. Not only the building shell - with all of its parameters - but also all internal loads such as lighting, ICT devices, kitchen devices, etc., were taken into account when developing the concept. We were actively involved with the integrated planning process of the 'etrium'. We advised the building contractors and planners on all energy-related aspects, helping them to find sensible, economic and ergonomic solutions. We know this building works because we have our main office in Germany there. Sector: Real Estate and building sector Ecofys contact: Thomas Bloch Services/solutions provided Integrated planning Advice on energy related aspects Examination of alternative supply strategies The combination of a glazed patio in the centre of the building and a high energy efficiency, resulted in the name ‘etrium’. 23/09/2015

Introduction: Production Routes for Fertilizers Proof point: The ‘etrium’ The ‘etrium’ in Cologne, Germany is the first passive-house office to combine efficiency with user needs. Reflecting the integrated atrium, a glazed roof patio in the centre of the building, and excellent energy efficiency, the building is called ‘etrium’. This 3-storey building with a floor space of 3751 m2 has enough space for up to 150 employees and saves 70% primary energy compared to normal offices. The economic energy-efficient concept was designed by Ecofys and is mainly based on a low-tech approach in which user behavior can lead to additional energy savings. The concept has been proven to work all year round. Not only the building shell - with all of its parameters - but also all internal loads such as lighting, ICT devices, kitchen devices, etc., were taken into account when developing the concept. We were actively involved with the integrated planning process of the 'etrium'. We advised the building contractors and planners on all energy-related aspects, helping them to find sensible, economic and ergonomic solutions. We know this building works because we have our main office in Germany there. Sector: Real Estate and building sector Ecofys contact: Thomas Bloch Services/solutions provided Integrated planning Advice on energy related aspects Examination of alternative supply strategies The combination of a glazed patio in the centre of the building and a high energy efficiency, resulted in the name ‘etrium’. 23/09/2015

Production of Ammonia 23/09/2015

Ammonia Production is energy efficient in Europe Proof point: The ‘etrium’ The ‘etrium’ in Cologne, Germany is the first passive-house office to combine efficiency with user needs. Reflecting the integrated atrium, a glazed roof patio in the centre of the building, and excellent energy efficiency, the building is called ‘etrium’. This 3-storey building with a floor space of 3751 m2 has enough space for up to 150 employees and saves 70% primary energy compared to normal offices. The economic energy-efficient concept was designed by Ecofys and is mainly based on a low-tech approach in which user behavior can lead to additional energy savings. The concept has been proven to work all year round. Not only the building shell - with all of its parameters - but also all internal loads such as lighting, ICT devices, kitchen devices, etc., were taken into account when developing the concept. We were actively involved with the integrated planning process of the 'etrium'. We advised the building contractors and planners on all energy-related aspects, helping them to find sensible, economic and ergonomic solutions. We know this building works because we have our main office in Germany there. Sector: Real Estate and building sector Ecofys contact: Thomas Bloch Services/solutions provided Integrated planning Advice on energy related aspects Examination of alternative supply strategies The combination of a glazed patio in the centre of the building and a high energy efficiency, resulted in the name ‘etrium’. 23/09/2015

Energy consumption of producing ammonia can be reduced… but within limits Proof point: The ‘etrium’ The ‘etrium’ in Cologne, Germany is the first passive-house office to combine efficiency with user needs. Reflecting the integrated atrium, a glazed roof patio in the centre of the building, and excellent energy efficiency, the building is called ‘etrium’. This 3-storey building with a floor space of 3751 m2 has enough space for up to 150 employees and saves 70% primary energy compared to normal offices. The economic energy-efficient concept was designed by Ecofys and is mainly based on a low-tech approach in which user behavior can lead to additional energy savings. The concept has been proven to work all year round. Not only the building shell - with all of its parameters - but also all internal loads such as lighting, ICT devices, kitchen devices, etc., were taken into account when developing the concept. We were actively involved with the integrated planning process of the 'etrium'. We advised the building contractors and planners on all energy-related aspects, helping them to find sensible, economic and ergonomic solutions. We know this building works because we have our main office in Germany there. Sector: Real Estate and building sector Ecofys contact: Thomas Bloch Services/solutions provided Integrated planning Advice on energy related aspects Examination of alternative supply strategies The combination of a glazed patio in the centre of the building and a high energy efficiency, resulted in the name ‘etrium’. 23/09/2015

No game changers foreseen in ammonia manufacture – although… Make syngas from biomass  Not economically viable at large scale; Power based options  Not economically viable now, however: Hydrogen required for ammonia production could be produced using water and power; This could become attractive when renewable energy (regionally) sufficiently leads to cheap low-carbon power; Ammonia plants could then – potentially – contribute to matching power supply and demand (Demand Side Management). CCS could dramatically reduce the CO2 emissions: Pure CO2 stream is logical ‘first implementation flow’ (not for urea); Currently not economically viable; Need for CO2 transport facilities (piping infrastructure) close by; Proof point: The ‘etrium’ The ‘etrium’ in Cologne, Germany is the first passive-house office to combine efficiency with user needs. Reflecting the integrated atrium, a glazed roof patio in the centre of the building, and excellent energy efficiency, the building is called ‘etrium’. This 3-storey building with a floor space of 3751 m2 has enough space for up to 150 employees and saves 70% primary energy compared to normal offices. The economic energy-efficient concept was designed by Ecofys and is mainly based on a low-tech approach in which user behavior can lead to additional energy savings. The concept has been proven to work all year round. Not only the building shell - with all of its parameters - but also all internal loads such as lighting, ICT devices, kitchen devices, etc., were taken into account when developing the concept. We were actively involved with the integrated planning process of the 'etrium'. We advised the building contractors and planners on all energy-related aspects, helping them to find sensible, economic and ergonomic solutions. We know this building works because we have our main office in Germany there. Sector: Real Estate and building sector Ecofys contact: Thomas Bloch Services/solutions provided Integrated planning Advice on energy related aspects Examination of alternative supply strategies The combination of a glazed patio in the centre of the building and a high energy efficiency, resulted in the name ‘etrium’. 23/09/2015

N2O emissions from nitric acid manufacture have drastically improved over the last decade Proof point: The ‘etrium’ The ‘etrium’ in Cologne, Germany is the first passive-house office to combine efficiency with user needs. Reflecting the integrated atrium, a glazed roof patio in the centre of the building, and excellent energy efficiency, the building is called ‘etrium’. This 3-storey building with a floor space of 3751 m2 has enough space for up to 150 employees and saves 70% primary energy compared to normal offices. The economic energy-efficient concept was designed by Ecofys and is mainly based on a low-tech approach in which user behavior can lead to additional energy savings. The concept has been proven to work all year round. Not only the building shell - with all of its parameters - but also all internal loads such as lighting, ICT devices, kitchen devices, etc., were taken into account when developing the concept. We were actively involved with the integrated planning process of the 'etrium'. We advised the building contractors and planners on all energy-related aspects, helping them to find sensible, economic and ergonomic solutions. We know this building works because we have our main office in Germany there. Sector: Real Estate and building sector Ecofys contact: Thomas Bloch Services/solutions provided Integrated planning Advice on energy related aspects Examination of alternative supply strategies The combination of a glazed patio in the centre of the building and a high energy efficiency, resulted in the name ‘etrium’. 23/09/2015

Emissions in fertilizer use exceed production emissions Proof point: The ‘etrium’ The ‘etrium’ in Cologne, Germany is the first passive-house office to combine efficiency with user needs. Reflecting the integrated atrium, a glazed roof patio in the centre of the building, and excellent energy efficiency, the building is called ‘etrium’. This 3-storey building with a floor space of 3751 m2 has enough space for up to 150 employees and saves 70% primary energy compared to normal offices. The economic energy-efficient concept was designed by Ecofys and is mainly based on a low-tech approach in which user behavior can lead to additional energy savings. The concept has been proven to work all year round. Not only the building shell - with all of its parameters - but also all internal loads such as lighting, ICT devices, kitchen devices, etc., were taken into account when developing the concept. We were actively involved with the integrated planning process of the 'etrium'. We advised the building contractors and planners on all energy-related aspects, helping them to find sensible, economic and ergonomic solutions. We know this building works because we have our main office in Germany there. Sector: Real Estate and building sector Ecofys contact: Thomas Bloch Services/solutions provided Integrated planning Advice on energy related aspects Examination of alternative supply strategies The combination of a glazed patio in the centre of the building and a high energy efficiency, resulted in the name ‘etrium’. Figure does not cover all emission sources. 23/09/2015

Remember It is not just about tonnes fertilizer, it is also about how fertilizers are used; Two key building blocks: Nitric acid: Emissions have already decreased steeply and are projected to decrease further; Ammonia: Some potential to reduce emissions with current technology; Power-based ammonia production is currently too expensive; switching to periodic cheap renewable power might become feasible; CCS has potential to deeply decarbonize the production of fertilizers at apt locations if enabled; Proof point: The ‘etrium’ The ‘etrium’ in Cologne, Germany is the first passive-house office to combine efficiency with user needs. Reflecting the integrated atrium, a glazed roof patio in the centre of the building, and excellent energy efficiency, the building is called ‘etrium’. This 3-storey building with a floor space of 3751 m2 has enough space for up to 150 employees and saves 70% primary energy compared to normal offices. The economic energy-efficient concept was designed by Ecofys and is mainly based on a low-tech approach in which user behavior can lead to additional energy savings. The concept has been proven to work all year round. Not only the building shell - with all of its parameters - but also all internal loads such as lighting, ICT devices, kitchen devices, etc., were taken into account when developing the concept. We were actively involved with the integrated planning process of the 'etrium'. We advised the building contractors and planners on all energy-related aspects, helping them to find sensible, economic and ergonomic solutions. We know this building works because we have our main office in Germany there. Sector: Real Estate and building sector Ecofys contact: Thomas Bloch Services/solutions provided Integrated planning Advice on energy related aspects Examination of alternative supply strategies The combination of a glazed patio in the centre of the building and a high energy efficiency, resulted in the name ‘etrium’. 23/09/2015

sustainable energy for everyone 11 23/09/2015

Back Up Proof point: The ‘etrium’ The ‘etrium’ in Cologne, Germany is the first passive-house office to combine efficiency with user needs. Reflecting the integrated atrium, a glazed roof patio in the centre of the building, and excellent energy efficiency, the building is called ‘etrium’. This 3-storey building with a floor space of 3751 m2 has enough space for up to 150 employees and saves 70% primary energy compared to normal offices. The economic energy-efficient concept was designed by Ecofys and is mainly based on a low-tech approach in which user behavior can lead to additional energy savings. The concept has been proven to work all year round. Not only the building shell - with all of its parameters - but also all internal loads such as lighting, ICT devices, kitchen devices, etc., were taken into account when developing the concept. We were actively involved with the integrated planning process of the 'etrium'. We advised the building contractors and planners on all energy-related aspects, helping them to find sensible, economic and ergonomic solutions. We know this building works because we have our main office in Germany there. Sector: Real Estate and building sector Ecofys contact: Thomas Bloch Services/solutions provided Integrated planning Advice on energy related aspects Examination of alternative supply strategies The combination of a glazed patio in the centre of the building and a high energy efficiency, resulted in the name ‘etrium’. 23/09/2015