The Age of Reason 1500’s – 1700’s AD TERMS Dark Age Gothic Era The Crusades The Renaissance Humanism Reason The Printing Press The Protestant Reformation The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Method Nicolaus Copernicus Geocentric Heliocentric Telescope Galileo Galilei Heresy excommunication Isaac Newton Gravity EUROPE EXPERIENCES A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Europe in the Dark Ages 450 – 1200’s AD For Centuries most of Europe had been united under the centralized control of the Roman Empire With the collapse of the Western half of the Roman Empire in 450 Europe quickly slips into a Dark Age Completely decentralized, no central authority to keep order constant warfare & hardship Avg. lifespan = 30 yrs/old Sometime referred to as the Gothic Era The Eastern half of the Roman Empire will stay united and flourish for another 1,000 yrs as the Byzantine Empire Through this chaos the Catholic Church asserts control through its Patriarch (Pope) in Rome In an effort to maintain power the Church keeps strict control over the flow of information in Europe

***All 3 challenge established thought*** A Time of Change The Renaissance (1300’s – 15/1700’s) An Effect of Cultural Diffusion caused by the Crusades and increased trade Greco Roman knowledge of the Arts & Sciences is re-introduced to Europe Leads to Humanism (an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters) & a revival in the study of the sciences Guttenberg perfects the Printing Press (1440AD) Information can now be shared between intellectuals and ideas begin to spread rapidly The Protestant Reformation (1517 – 1600’s) Severely limits the ability of the Catholic Church to control information & ideas The Scientific Revolution (1500 – 1700’s) Drastic change in human understanding of the natural world ***All 3 challenge established thought***

Check for Understanding • The world view shifted from other-worldly to secular. • Greek and Roman ideas were revived. • Improvements were made to the printing press.   Which occurrence is most closely associated with these aspects of the Renaissance? (1) Gothic cathedrals became the focal point of town activities. (2) Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope. (3) Early Scientist begin to question traditional beliefs about the natural world. (4) Emperors used the Twelve Tables to bring about Pax Romana

Understanding the Solar System Important Scientists & Thinkers Nicolaus Copernicus Theorizes that solar system is actually heliocentric Challenges the Geocentric theories of Ptolemy & the Church Galileo: Creates the first Telescope Backs up the heliocentric theory with hard evidence from years of observations Isaac Newton: Discovered the existence of Gravity Formulated the Uniform Laws of the Universe

Check for Understanding Which individual is correctly paired with an individual who further developed his ideas?   (1) Pope Urban II  Martin Luther (2) Hernando Cortez  Simon Bolivar (3) Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Galilei (4) Louis XVI  Maximilien Robespierre The heliocentric model of the universe developed by Copernicus and Galileo was considered heresy during their lives because it (1) linked astronomy to the teachings of Muhammad (2) supported the world view of the ancient Greeks (3) challenged the secular power of absolute monarchs (4) conflicted with the official doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church

New Discoveries lead to the Development of the Scientific Method (Francis Bacon)

Check for Understanding Galileo Galilei and Sir Issac Newton are most closely associated with   (1) initiating religious reforms (2) leading political revolutions (3) conducting investigative experiments (4) engaging in foreign conquests Which pair of ideas were central to the Scientific Revolution?   (1) social stability and economic self-sufficiency (2) scarcity and interdependence (3) technology and military expansion (4) observation and experimentation

Effects of the Scientific Revolution The power of & faith in the Catholic Church was severely weakened These discoveries revolutionized the way average Europeans thought Began to question the role of religion in education Began to solve life’s problems using logic & reasoning Leads directly to The Enlightenment movement If anything can be solved using reasoning than so can the problems of human societies What is the best way to govern nations? What is the most effective economic system? What is the fairest way to structure society? These new ideas will challenge the authority of Monarchs as well as the Church

Check for Understanding One scientific belief held by both René Descartes and Isaac Newton is that (1) reasoned thought is the way to discover truth (2) new theories should be made to fit existing traditional ideas (3) the method by which discoveries are made is unimportant (4) difficult problems should be solved by reading religious texts In the 16th and 17th centuries, the heliocentric theory became the centerpiece for debate between (1) capitalism and communism (2) science and religion (3) colonialism and nationalism (4) isolationism and globalism

Critical Writing Assessment: The Scientific Revolution Each assessment must be written in Paragraph form Describe 3 major events and inventions that helped lead to the Scientific Revolution between 1300 – 1600AD? Describe how the following early scientist change the way Europeans understood the world around them: Nicolaus Copernicus, Galilio Galilei, & Isaac Newton Describe how the Scientific Revolution both further weakens the power of the Catholic Church as well as inspire new movements in thought?