Standard Eight dash two point three The American Revolution: 1775-1783 Standard Eight dash two point three

On the Eve of the Revolution ? Britain Americans Advantages ? Disadvantages

Loyalist Strongholds

Washington’s Headaches Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral]. State/colony loyalties. Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army. Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

Exports & Imports: 1768-1783

Military Strategies The Americans The British Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down] Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies. Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So. Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally. “Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

The British suffered over 40% casualties. Bunker Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties.

Phase II: NY & PA [1777-1778]

New York City in Flames (1776)

Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

A modern-day re-enactment Why is the Battle of Saratoga important? Considered a “Turning Point” of the War because it convinced the French to join the Patriot cause. A modern-day re-enactment

Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

What happened at the Battle of Fort Sullivan? Patriots know British are coming by sea Tried to build Fort Sullivan (now called Fort Moultrie) but it was incomplete when attacked June 28, 1776 British shoot from ships Shelling ineffective because of Palmetto logs Try to attack by land, but cannot cross Breech Inlet

British fleet leaves This was a major victory for the Patriots. Britain lost more than 200 men. Patriots loss fewer than 40. British would not return to SC for 4 years

During the battle Sgt. William Jasper jumped from the fort to save the fort’s flag

Why did the British launch the Southern Campaign? After Saratoga British are at a stalemate Britain decides to come South and get help from South Carolina’s Loyalists

What happened at the siege of Charleston? February- May 1780 Charleston was under siege by the British land forces for many days. Charleston harbor was blockaded and supply lines were cut off. Patriot troops, trapped on the peninsula, were forced to surrender to the British. Other Patriot forces in South Carolina also surrendered and were paroled- sworn not to fight anymore.

5000 soldiers become POW’s 3rd largest military surrender in American history Who is left to fight? Will South Carolina accept British rule?

What did the British do to increase SC’s resistance? Treated the colonists harshly, burning churches, looting homes and harassing citizens. Changed the terms of the parole- required former Patriots to fight against their countrymen

What happened at the Waxhaws? May 29, 1780 Patriot forces attempted to surrender before firing a shot British ordered the men killed anyway Called Buford’s Massacre Loyalists joined the Patriot cause because of Britain’s brutality.

What tactics do the Patriots begin using? Guerilla warfare Pick off British and loyalist forces and supply lines

Who were the Partisan leaders? Thomas Sumter: the “Fighting Gamecock.” Area- Santee River. Wealthy planter. Impulsive. Andrew Pickens: the “Wizard Owl.” Area- Back Country. Loyalists attacked, burned his home. Broke parole to return to fighting Francis Marion: the “Swamp Fox.” . Area- Pee Dee. French Huguenot. Thoughtful, quick William Harden: employed guerilla warfare.

Francis Marion Thomas Sumter

Andrew Pickens William Harden

What happened at the Battle of Camden? August 16, 1780 South Carolina Patriots were unprepared at Camden and fled when British forces appeared The defeat signified that almost all of South Carolina was under the control of the British. As a result, the command of General Horatio Gates was transferred to Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene. Greene realized that the Continental regulars could learn a lot from Partisan soldiers.

What happened at the Battle of King’s Mountain? October 7, 1780 Loyalist forces command by Major Patrick Ferguson Ferguson threatens people of the back country “Overmountain men” are not amused

Brits have high ground, but this time it is a disadvantage Loyalist troops attempted to surrender the Patriots gave them “Tarleton’s Quarter” All are killed or captured Considered a turning point because the British began to retreat from the Upcountry.

The Battle of Cowpens

What happened at the Battle of Cowpens? January 17,1781 Partisans had a reputation among the British regular forces of turning tail and running. The American commander, Daniel Morgan counted on this reputation for his battle plan.

The partisans, under the leadership of Andrew Pickens, led the attack and then fled the field, tricking the British regulars into thinking that the Americans were again retreating. Instead, the partisans lured the British forces into the guns of the regular American army.

British were soundly defeated 1st time in the war that American army defeated a force of British regulars. British retreated northward into North Carolina to fight, then wait for supplies, eventually moving on toward

http://www.revolutionarywaranimated.com/SouthernAnimation.html

Who was Isaac Hayne? Partisan fighter who signed a parole at the Fall of Charleston Upon his return home he is asked to swear allegiance to Britain or return to Charleston as a POW His wife and kids have small pox and several are near death. Hayne doesn’t feel he has an option other than to take the pledge. Swears allegiance to the British and agrees to side with them under certain conditions Months later, Hayne feels those conditions are no longer in effect and he returns to the Patriots He is captured

British decided to use him as an example and maybe break the Patriot’s progress After a brief trial, Hayne was hanged as a traitor to the crown. Greene stated that he would retaliate Marion is FURIOUS Important rally of support for Patriots

What happened at the Battle of Eutaw Springs? September 8, 1781 Last MAJOR battle in South Carolina Patriots launch attack and appear to be winning, but rather than finishing the battle the Patriots begin looting the British camp. During this time the British reorganize and launch a counter-attack The Patriots retreat

Why is it important? it marked the clearance of the British from the state and region (with the exception of a few coastal enclaves that were finally evacuated after Yorktown and during the peace proceedings in 1782) End of the British southern campaign.

Why is this important? King’s Mountain- British lose ¾ of their men Cowpens- British lose ½ of their men Guilford Courthouse- British lose 1/3 of their men Eutaw Springs- British lose ¼ of their men Nathaneal Greene is losing most of the battles but he is still in the fight