Your text here In The Name Of God

Authors: Farzaneh poloyan Mutation in microorganisms

contents Mutations Recombinant bacteria plasmid

mutation

Max-Delbruck

Point mutation Nonsense mutation Missense mutation Silent mutation

Nonsense mutation

Missense mutation

Silent mutation

Max delbruck experiment

Mutations in bacteria can cause five types of phenotypic changes Auxotroph prototroph Fgfhfghlosing or gaining the power of using other nutrients

Recombinant bacteria

1.Transformation 2.Transduction 3.conjugation

transformation Some mammals

Griffith experiment

Avery experiment

And…

What conditions are necessary for transformation action? 1.The size of the DNA fragment 2.Concentration DNA 3.Cell competence

And…

transformation

transduction Generalized transduction Specialized transduction

Generalized transduction

Specialized transduction

plasmid

Plasmid replication

Plasmid

Bacterial Plasmid

Yeast Plasmid 1.Yeast integrating plasmid 2.Yeast replicating plasmid

Ti Plasmid

Type of plasmids by their ability to transfer to other bacteria 1.Conjugative plasmids 2.Non-conjugative plasmids

Types of plasmids by their function 1.F ertility plasmids(F plasmid) 2.Resistance plasmids (R plasmid) 3.Col plasmids 4.Degradative plasmids 5.Virulence plasmids

conjugation

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