I. Basic Techniques in Structural Geology

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Presentation transcript:

I. Basic Techniques in Structural Geology Field measurements and mapping Terminology on faults and folds Stereographic projections From maps to cross-sections Growth Strata Fault-related folds Seismic Imaging

reading Suppe (chapter 2) Davis&Reynolds (p662-690)

A geologic map represents the geometric relationship between the various rock units faults at the surface. Any interpretation of the sub—surface must be consistent with the geologic control, and style of deformation revealed by the map; as well as with the information available from the subsurface (well logs, seismic profiles…).

Gressly’s prediction before the tunnel… Amanz Gressly 1859… Desor & Gressly 1859 Gressly’s prediction before the tunnel…

Le premier juillet 1857 on inaugure dans l'enthousiasme le tronçon La Chaux-de-Fonds - Le Locle. Cette première voie ferrée en terre neuchâteloise témoigne de l'esprit d'entreprise des industriels et des commerçants du Haut. Dès le 15 juillet 1860, on peut se rendre en train du Locle à Neuchâtel. La ligne emprunte le tunnel du Mont Sagne et celui des Loges qui avec ses 3259 mètres est alors le plus long de Suisse. Source: Cop, Raoul Histoire de La Chaux-de-Fonds, 2006

Gressly’s subsurface prediction was an extrapolation of surface geology… Desor & Gressly 1859

Gressly’s prediction before the tunnel… After the tunnel… Desor & Gressly 1859 Gressly’s prediction before the tunnel…

Construction of a cross-section Define the plane section (in general vertical but not necessarily). Determine topographic profile (without any vert. exaggeration) Plot geologic data (measurements of strike and dip; intersections of stratigraphic contacts; faults). Extrapolate and interpolate data.

Apparent dip angles can be determined from vector algebra, stereonets or graphs

Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

Projecting the map, using the fold axis…

Preparation of a normal profile (or structure profile of the fold) Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

Preparation of a normal profile (or structure profile of the fold) Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

Determinantion of bed thickness (note the difference with outcrop breadth) Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

Structure Contour lines Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

Davis and Reynolds, ‘Structural Geology’

Extrapolation and interpolation - Some assumptions are needed to extrapolate. - Is the proposed section a possible geometry?