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http://www. myhealthywaist http://www.myhealthywaist.org/evaluating-cmr/clinical-tools/waist-circumference-measurement-guidelines/index.html Ethnic-specific values for waist circumference Country or ethnic group Central obesity as defined by WC Men - cm (inches) Women - cm (inches) European, Sub-Saharan African, Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern (Arab) 94 (37.6) or greater 80 (32) or greater South Asian, Chinese, Japanese, South and Central American 90 (36) or greater

PSYCHOLOGY OF NUTRITION   Psychological consequences of under- and over-nutrition

Undernutrition -sleep -waking due to hunger -benefits of sleep are lost

Under nutrition -concentration -sleep loss and hunger combine to reduce attention span

Undernutrition -disease-renal disease -if one is on dialysis generally one does not feel well -being on dialysis changes the taste of food -the combination of not feeling well and changing the taste of food results in a vicious cycle of not feeling well and eating less which makes one feel worse

Undernutrition -arrest of psychological maturation -if one is focussed on hunger one’s ability to behave in an age-specific (acceptable) manner is diminished -related to arrest of cognitive development and intellectual ability

Undernutrition -intellectual capacity -brain runs largely on glucose-ability to think and reason is limited   -social interaction with others-juniors, peers, adults -lost capacity due to focus on hunger -aggressiveness brought on by hunger

Undernutrition -poor self esteem -one is subject to ridicule -not only a cause but an effect-how?   -autonomy-become so weak that one is unable to do anything for oneself -physical activity-play is limited due to lack of energy- so benefits of play eg relaxation are lost

Undernutrition -appearance, smell, taste, texture of food -as one becomes hungry one’s perception of appearance, taste, smell and texture of food are altered leading to the rejection of some nutritious foods and consumption of non- nutritious foods (eg clay, dirt, grass)   -fear, anger, worry slow gut motility -so eat less (fullness) and more nutrient extraction

Undernutrition -guilt arises due to loss of control and panicked attempts to obtain calories leads to vicious cycle

Overnutrition (obesity)   -sleep -sleep apnea- reduction of oxygen -concentration-feeling of lack of energy -diseases-heart disease -renal disease heart disease can lead to renal disease and both frequently result in depression

Overnutrition (obesity) -anxiety and other negative emotions(fear, anger) -those problems solved with the creation of …?  

Overnutrition (obesity) -social interaction with others-one’s juniors, peers, adults Many people think that obese individuals are gluttonous, lazy, or both, even though this is not true. Children are cruel (jokes), peers may avoid you (they fear being labelled as supporting the obese person), adults may discriminate against you in the job market, school. All this can give feelings of depression, rejection, shame leading to more eating which gives rise to

Overnutrition (obesity) -poor-self esteem-a feeling of worthlessness   -lowered autonomy-extreme obesity can eliminate this giving rise to depression -decreased physical activity-play and its enjoyment is progressively curtailed and ultimately lost

Overnutrition (obesity) -appearance, smell, taste, texture of food -everything looks, smells, tastes good and has a pleasing texture and if there a satisfaction gained do we eat more   -fear, anger, worry- slow gut motility leading to increased obesity

Economics of nutrition -personal (17/1/17) -corporate (19/1/17) -government/social agencies (19/1/17)   Today-Personal economics of nutrition

Poverty -associated with a lack of education or old age primarily   -associated with a lack of education or old age primarily -lack of education leads to: -an inability to get a decent job (no money, no purchasing power) -solution-grow your own? -inability to make life choices that would lead to better nutrition -life choices would be? -cycle of malnutrition

Cycle of Malnutrition

Poverty -lead poisoning -birthweight -nutrient deficiencies-protein, vitamins and minerals

Costs associated with personal nutrition -energy for heating and cooling of foods -low-prep foods -ready to eat foods -regular foods -supplements, nutraceuticals and functional foods and weight loss treatments

Ways to reduce costs-planning -make a grocery list before you go -do not shop when hungry -use left overs (store properly) -centre on rice, noodles, grains, vegetables and fruit

Ways to reduce costs-planning -use small quantities of meat, poultry, fish and eggs -substitute legumes for meat, poultry, fish and eggs -deciding who needs what economic resources for food-how much of budget is to spent on food -physical activity-eg walk to the store

In the store buy: -day old bread and other products from the food outlet -whole foods –not pre-prepared -store brands -larger packages (no spoiling)-fresh milk by 4 L size or dry non-fat milk

In the store buy: -fresh produce in season (canned or frozen items at other times) -chuck and bottom roast-prime rib is out -buy whole chicken (not pieces or skinless) -compare unit price -buy at bulk stores or co-ops rather than chain shops

At home - store aliquots including non-fat dry milk - repeat menu with slight variations   Next lecture: Economics of Nutrition 2-corporate