Macromolecules A Little More on Carbohydrates & Lipids

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Presentation transcript:

Macromolecules A Little More on Carbohydrates & Lipids

Do Now Hand in homework (writing prompt) Take a set of THREE sheets from the front, get a scissor for your desk, and leave on your desk Answer the following question: Think about various diets people try to follow – make a list of these. What kinds of things do people try to restrict from their diets? Why? Based on what you learned about biomolecules, Do you think these diets are a good choice?

What are carbohydrates? Sugars and starches Used for: Energy storage Structural materials Made of C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O)x 3 types Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Model Building!!!

Monosaccharides Simple sugars - one monomer Function – major source of quick energy Examples: glucose, fructose, and galactose

Glucose vs. Fructose vs. Galactose main source of energy 2 forms: linear and ring formula C6H12O6 Sources: ripe fruits, nectar, sap, blood Formula: C6H12O6 Sources: Milk Formula: C6H12O6 Sources: Fruits

What do you notice about the chemical formulas for glucose, fructose and galactose? All C6H12O6 – they are isomers What about their names??? They all end in ose

Bonding of Monosaccharides HO H + H2O O Animation

Bonding of monosaccharides… What did you remove to make a disaccharide? Condensation reaction (aka dehydration synthesis) – release of water molecule to bond two monomers

How are sugars broken down? Hydrolysis reaction – Opposite reaction: water added to break apart bonds between 2 or more monomers

1. Maltose (used in brewing beer) glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O Examples: 1. Maltose (used in brewing beer) glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O 2. Sucrose (table sugar) glucose + fructose  sucrose +H2O 3. Lactose (sugar in milk) glucose + galactose  lactose + H2O

Model Building!!!

Glycogen stores in liver cells Polysaccharides Polymer – large chains of monosaccharides Examples: 1. Starch – storage polymer in plants 2. Glycogen – storage polymer in animals 3. Cellulose – part of cell wall in plants 4. Chitin – used by insects, crustaceans, fungi Glycogen stores in liver cells Tiger beetle

LIPIDS! Energy storage, protective tissue; structure, regulatory Non-polar (NOT water soluble) Higher ratio of C and H to O than carbs

Types of Lipids 1. Fatty Acids Hydrophilic, “water-loving” head Hydrophobic, “water-fearing” tail C-H bonds nonpolar

Triglycerides 3 fatty acids – hydro-phobic 1 glycerol - hydrophilic

Carbons NOT bonded 4 atoms ALL carbons bonded to 4 atoms 2 Types of fatty acids Unsaturated Carbons NOT bonded 4 atoms Saturated ALL carbons bonded to 4 atoms Single bonds Double bonds Straight chain Kinks

Saturated – solid at RT Examples: lard, butter, fats in red meat Unsaturated – soft or liquid at RT Examples: fish fats, corn oil

Structural fat used to build cell membranes 2. Phospholipids Structural fat used to build cell membranes

3. Waxes Protective, structural fat; long fatty acid chain attached to an alcohol

4. Steroids Characteristic structure: 4 carbon rings fused together with functional groups attached Testosterone Estrogen