Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers Chapter 9 Dietary Supplements and Performance Enhancers

Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe dietary supplements and their effect on the body Give at least four examples of popular dietary supplements on the market today Explain what performance enhancers do, and why many athletes take them

Objectives (cont’d.) Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.): Name the athletic organizations that monitor drug use by athletes Discuss how education is important to the understanding of supplements and performance enhancers Explain the athletic code of ethics

Popular Nutritional Supplements The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act defines a dietary supplement as: A product (other than tobacco) intended to enhance the diet, that contains one or more of the following: Vitamins Minerals Amino acids Herbs, and/or other botanical substances Available in wide variety of commercial sources

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Vitamins Organic (carbon-containing) compounds that are essential in small amounts for body processes Enable the body to use energy provided by fats, carbohydrates, and proteins Don’t over use; more does not mean better

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Vitamin supplements Vitamins taken in addition to those received through the diet Available in concentrated form in tablets, capsules, and drops According to the FDA, the body cannot distinguish between a vitamin of plant or animal origin (natural) and one manufactured in a laboratory (synthetic)

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Vitamin Myths Food doesn’t contain right nutrients in adequate quantities Help “bulk up” muscles & enhance performance Provide needed energy Can cure anything (including heart trouble, common cold, and cancer) Don’t provide energy, help body access it Scurvy and rickets can be cured with more vitamins

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Minerals Inorganic (non-carbon-containing) element Necessary to build tissues, regulate body fluids, and assist in body functions Contribute energy production as regulators, but do not provide energy Found in water, and natural foods Minerals in soil absorbed by plants Excessive- hair loss, changes in blood, hormones, bones, muscles, blood vessels, tissues

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Herbal supplements Some of the world's oldest medicines 50% Americans believe good for health and well-being Many safe, many are not FDA considers them dietary supplements Not regulated New regulations will give FDA authority to oversee the manufacture of domestic and foreign-made dietary supplements (2010) Manufacturers don’t have to demonstrate safety & effectiveness FDA can remove from market only when proven to be unsafe

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Glucosamine Used to maintain joint cartilage Not usually possible to ingest extra w/ food Treat osteoarthritis & some sports injuries Take with food Side effects: stomach problems, heartburn, diarrhea Types Glucosamine sulfate Glucosamine hydrochloride N-acetyl-glucosamine Do not take while on heart meds or insulin

Nutritional Supplements (cont’d.) Chondroitin Naturally found in human and animal cartilage Proven abilities to treat osteoarthritis Also used to treat psoriasis and cancers (tests inconclusive) Appears to be non-toxic w/ no contraindications Consult if taking anticoagulant medication

Performance Enhancers Ergogenic aid Any agent that enhances energy utilization, including energy production and efficiency

Performance Enhancers Research athletes that have been caught using ergogenic aids What were they using? How did they get caught? Did it help them? Any adverse effects? What was the punishment?

Performance Enhancers Anabolic-androgenic steroids Manmade substances related to male sex hormones Available legally by prescription Treat low amounts testosterone (delayed puberty, impotence, etc.) Most users are male Estimated between 1 & 3 million athletes in US have used anabolic steroids Muscle building, increased masculine appearance, class of drug

Performance Enhancers Athletes take to enhance performance & improve appearance Orally or injected in cycles Increased risk of HIV/AIDS or hepatitis Many psychiatric side effects: aggression, extreme mood swings (manic-like), depression, paranoid jealousy, irritability, delusions, impaired judgment (feeling invincible)

Performance Enhancers Adverse effects include liver tumors, cancer, jaundice, fluid retention, high blood pressure, increases LDL and decreases HDL (bad and good cholesterol) Men: shrinking testicles, reduced sperm, infertility, baldness, develop breasts, increased risk of prostate cancer Women: grow facial hair, male-pattern baldness, change menstrual cycle, deep voice Adolescents: halted growth, premature skeletal maturation, accelerated puberty changes

Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) Growth hormones Produced by the pituitary gland Acts on most organs and tissues in the body Works by increasing the conversion of amino acids into protein Allows fat to be used for energy, saving glycogen Adverse effects include heart disease, impotence, osteoporosis, and death

Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) Androstenedione Steroid hormone naturally produced in both men and women that is converted to testosterone or to estrogen Adverse effects include early puberty, premature cessation of bone growth, extreme aggression, mood changes, decreased levels of cardiac-protective HDLs and elevated levels of estrogen

Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) Caffeine Increased alertness, energy, and improves mood High levels can cause sleeplessness, anxiety, headache, upset stomach, nervousness, and dehydration Banned over a certain limit by International Olympic Committee

Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) Creatine monohydrate Amino acid made by the liver and kidneys Found naturally in skeletal muscle Is converted into phosphocreatine in the body Serves as a storage reservoir for quick energy Popular in power sports (increases skeletal mm) Adverse effects include weight gain, muscle cramping, dehydration, gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and seizures, as well as effects on kidney function May depress body’s own synthesis & may not return to normal Benefits have only been noted in poorly trained athletes, not elite athletes

Performance Enhancers (cont’d.) Ephedra Shrublike plant found in desert regions in central Asia and other parts of the world Stimulant containing ephedrine Widely used for weight loss, to boost energy, and to enhance athletic performance Adverse effects include hypertension, palpitations, neuropathy, psychosis, stroke, memory loss, heart-rate irregularities, insomnia, nervousness, tremors, seizures, heart attacks, and death Ephedrine found in asthma meds Hypertension- elevated BP

Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards International Olympic Committee Medical Commission Created in 1961 to deal with doping Goals: Protect health, respect for medical and sports ethics, equality for competing athletes National Collegiate Athletic Association Drug-testing program Drug classes: stimulants, anabolic steroids, other drugs

Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards Several professional athletic teams have written policy statements concerning the use of banned substances

Current IOC, NCAA, and Professional Standards Research NCAA, professional, and Olympic (IOC) rules on banned substances What are some of the banned substances? How do they test for it? What happens if test positive (i.e. punishments)? NBA, NFL, MLS, NHL, MLB, Pro Wrestling

Education for Athletes The Healthy Competition Foundation Provides research, information, and strategies designed to eliminate use of performance enhancers American College of Sports Medicine International Olympic Committee National Athletic Trainers Association National Collegiate Athletic Association

Education for Athletes (cont’d.) National Federation of State High School Associations Physician and Sports Medicine United States Food and Drug Administration United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) World Anti-Doping Agency

Ethics in Athletics Athletic code of ethics Essential for protecting and promoting the interests of athletics and coaching profession Ethics are basic principles of proper action Essential elements are honesty and integrity Code's primary purpose is to clarify and distinguish ethical practices from those that are detrimental and harmful

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Proper conduct and good sportsmanship refer to standards such as: Treat other persons as you know they should be treated, and as you would wish them to fairly treat you Regard the rules of your game as agreements, the spirit or letter of which you should not evade or break Treat officials and opponents with respect

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Proper conduct and good sportsmanship standards (cont’d.): Accept the final decision of any official Honor visiting teams and spectators as your own guests and treat them as such Be gracious in victory and defeat Be as cooperative as you are competitive Remember that your actions on and off the field reflect upon you and your school

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes: To teach and instruct students in the rules, fundamentals, and skills of various individual and team sports, and to provide physical training To provide healthy competition and cooperation within and between schools

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Athletics and sports in schools serve these purposes (cont’d.): To develop aspects of good sportsmanship that will enhance each student’s education To maintain the spirit of true amateur competition

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Guidelines for Coaches School athletics part of education, not goal itself Assist students toward developing fullest potential Behavior of team can reflect coach’s own manner, and the school Responsible for remaining objective

Ethics in Athletics (cont’d.) Guidelines for players Respect themselves, coaches, and school Rivalries encouraged, but disrespect is unsportsmanlike Comply fully with rulings of officials Adhere to rules of school, athletic department, and coaches

Conclusion The use of dietary supplements and performance enhancers is a controversial issue It is widely acknowledged that use of supplements and enhancers can do more harm than good Athletes must understand the associated risks