Early Civilizations 10 WEEK REVIEW Chapters 1-3

1. Describe what each of these people would study: Anthropologist- Studies culture through people. Archaeologist- Studies culture through artifacts Geographer- Study of people, environment and resources. How humans adapt to their environment Historian- Uses written evidence to study the past.

2. What are primary sources? First hand accounts of information. Examples: journal or diary entries.

3. Where is the Great Rift Valley? Why is it an important location? Located in Africa. Believed to be the area where humans first appeared in Africa. Lucy discovered there. Mary & Louis Leakey- anthropologists.

4. What was the early belief of animism? Belief that all objects, people and animals had a spirit. Earliest spiritual beliefs, not a formal religion. Cave paintings, buried dead with care- first clues.

5. What is monotheism? Belief in only one god Ex: Judaism

6. What is polytheism? Belief in many gods. Example: Hinduism

7. What are the features/elements/characteristics of a civilization? Cities Centralized Government Public works System of writing Organized religion Job specialization Art & Architecture Social Classes

8. What was the Neolithic Revolution? Change from nomadic lifestyle to agricultural lifestyle. People learn to grow crops and domesticate animals.

9. Why was the Neolithic Revolution considered a turning point in history? People growing their own foods, no longer have to live a nomadic lifestyle. CIVILIZATIONS can get established. Food surplus, population increases

10. What is subsistence agriculture? Growing just enough food for your own survival (your family), NOT a surplus. Does not allow for population growth.

11. What is surplus agriculture? Growing more than enough food for your own needs, large amount of extra food. Allows the population to grow.

12. Why did civilizations begin in river valleys? Fertile soil, transportation, water for irrigation and animals.

13. What river provided transportation and resources for the early people of Africa (Egypt)? Nile River

14. Why were the ancient Egyptians successful in agriculture? Fertile soil (silt) from the flooding of the Nile River twice every year.

15. What was the main achievement of the Old Kingdom in Egypt? Old Kingdom = Pyramid Building

16. What was papyrus and why was it important to Egypt? Plant that grew along the Nile River Was used to make a type of paper Egyptians used

17. What was the form of writing used by ancient Egyptians? Hieroglyphics- form of picture writing

18. What two rivers provided resources for the people of Mesopotamia? Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

19. What was the form of writing used by ancient Mesopotamians called? Cuneiform- wedge-shaped writing on clay tablets

20. What was Hammurabi’s Code? First organized set of laws. Meant to unify empire. Harsh punishments to promote law and order.

21. How did Hammurabi’s Code create a more orderly society? For the first time, laws were the same throughout the entire empire. No question as to what the punishments should be.

22. What was the Phoenician civilization know for? Carriers of Civilization- trade and travel around the Mediterranean Sea. Created alphabet, glass

23. What rivers provided for India’s first civilization? Indus River and Ganges River

24. How did seasonal monsoons affect India? Helped with agriculture. Hurt if caused flooding. Timing and amount mattered!

25. What was unique about the Indus valley cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro? Well-planned out: cities were formed in grid patterns sewage systems

26. What was the caste system in India? Social class system- Brahmins- priests Kshatriays- warriors Vaisyas- skilled workers Sudras- unskilled workers Can’t change your position in life until after reincarnation

27. What were the major beliefs of Hinduism? Dharma Karma Moksha Reincarnation Caste System Polytheistic

28. What were the major beliefs of Buddhism? 4 Noble Truths 8 Fold Path Meditation Peaceful Reincarnation- Nirvana More of a “non-theistic” religion

29. What is a Golden Age? Time of great cultural achievements in an area. Peace and prosperity.

30. What were some of the achievements of the Gupta Golden Age in India? Decimal System Concept of Zero Vaccines Surgery Wrote Books Architectural Achievements

31. Where were the earliest Chinese civilizations located? Huang He River (or Yellow River)

32. What geographic barriers led to China being more isolated than other civilizations? Isolated by: Mountains Ocean Jungles Desert

33. What is ethnocentrism? Belief that your culture is superior to all other culture. Ex. Chinese were very isolated, believed for a long time that they were the only people on the earth.

34. What were the major beliefs of Confucius? 5 Relationships Son obeys father Younger brother obeys older brother Wife obeys her husband Subject obeys ruler Friend to friend Filial Piety Leaders must be well educated

35. What were the basic beliefs of Taoism/Daoism? Best government is no government Government is not natural, causes more problems than it helps

36. What were the basic beliefs of Legalism? Strict laws and harsh punishments are the only way to govern People are naturally evil, need to be governed

37. What was the dynastic cycle in China? Rise and fall of dynasties (ruling families) Dynasty ages and loses mandate of heaven New dynasty takes over

38. How did Shi Huangdi create a strong empire? Strict control of his empire Burned books Buried scholars alive Built Great Wall Standardized weights and measures, writing

39. Why was the Silk Road important? Served as a trade route between China and the West Silk becomes a major export in China

40. What were some of the achievements of the Han Golden Age? Canals & road improved Civil service exams Seismograph Paper from wood pulp Rudder Wheelbarrow Accupuncture