History of Agriculture Warm-Up (look it up and be prepared to discuss): When did each of the following take place? First Agricultural Revolution Second Agricultural Revolution Third (Green) Agricultural Revolution

Did you know that many farmers have college degrees now? Why? Farmers need to know about… Technology Transportation Farming Techniques Crop Pricing & Policies in the USA & World Global Marketing Global Competition

Best Agricultural Schools 1. Auburn 2.University of Arkansas 3. University of Arizona 4. Cal Poly University 5. California State University

Agriculture in the United States Only 2% of the U.S population is actually involved in farming full time But, there are millions of jobs connected to it: transportation, production, distribution In the Mid-West agriculture is a multibillion dollar industry and some states’ largest employer.

Agriculture The raising of animals or growing of crops to obtain food for primary consumption by the farm family or for sale off the farm

History of Agriculture Humans first obtained food by hunting & gathering Nomadic Tribes depended on migratory animals for food, & wild fruits Periods of drought would cause starvation Remember the Hadza?

First Agricultural Revolution Shift from hunting & gathering to societies that planted crops & raised animals for food Allowed humans to become more sedentary & have a more reliable food source

How might it have happened? Imagine humans don’t know how to grow crops… people noticed that some of the berries that were dropped the previous year left seeds in the ground, if the seed got enough water & light at the right temperature, it could grow into a new plant

First Agricultural Revolution Process of figuring out how seeds worked took thousands of years A more stable food supply meant the population began to grow Bigger Population Needs… More FOOD! More food required more labor.. The cycle continues…

First Agricultural Revolution Animal Domestication- process of taming wild animals for human benefit Cows, pigs, & chickens were domesticated in different parts of the world & are now staples of our diet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yocja_N5s1I

Second Agricultural Revolution Happened during the Industrial Revolution (1750-1900) Used the technology provided by the Industrial Revolution to increase production & distribution or products

2nd Agricultural Revolution Technology meant the fields could double or even triple in size but would only require the same amount of labor or less What do you think happened to the population? Increased again (Some LDC are still in the 2nd Agricultural Revolution)

Technology from the 2nd Revolution Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) Did the work of dozens of laborers by removing seeds Greatly increased technological production in the south, which has a good climate Combine Wheat & corn could be harvested by machines instead of by hand

Impact of 2nd Ag. Revolution Increased productivity required a market to handle the increase in product, advancement in transportation was vital to get the goods to new markets Goods could be shipped further & faster to outlying regions, the market for agricultural products grew

Why was transportation so important? Improved ships, reliable trains, canals….All helped get goods there fast so they wouldn’t SPOIL!

Impact of 2nd Revolution on Farmers If farms needed less labor to produce more food.. Where did farmers go? Most people moved to urban areas to fulfill the factory demand for labor

Third Agricultural Revolution When? The later half of the 20th Century Also known as the GREEN Revolution Involves the use of biotechnology or genetic engineering.

Biotechnology or Genetic Engineering Involves altering the genetic material of plants & animals Takes place mainly in science labs & then is tested on the farm Scientists have created many hybrids of plants & animals that grow in conditions they normally wouldn’t

Green Revolution Continued.. Increased use of chemical fertilizers to enhance productivity Brought in the rise of Industrial Farming The mass production of agricultural products

Modified Food in the US Wheat- traditionally needed a dry climate, too much moisture would spoil the crop in the fields As a result of genetic engineering wheat can resist the moisture & not spoil

Modified Foods Continued Rice- first modified in the Philippines & then diffused to other areas of Asia Now it is heartier & can grow quickly allowing it to feed more people in some of the poorest regions in Asia

Double Cropping or Triple Cropping Growing two crops or even three crops per year, allowing even more people to be fed Seedlings being prepared for the next harvest

Agricultural Hearths Origins of both vegetative & seed agriculture Mapped out by Carl Sauer He believed humans had power over their environment & weren’t simply the product of their environment

2 Distinct Kinds of Agriculture 1. Vegetative Planting Removing part of the plant & putting it in the ground to grow a new plant 2. Seed Agriculture Taking seeds from existing plants & planting them to produce new plants

Where did agriculture develop? Three Areas of Vegetative Planting 1. Central America & northwestern South America 2. Western Africa 3. Southeast Asia

Where are the three hearths?

Why are these the hearths? All three had…. Tropical regions with climates that were good for growing agricultural products Large populations to provide a workforce to domesticate plants & animals native to the region

Central American & northwestern South American HEARTH Who did it: Aztecs, Maya, Incas Plants: Manioc, Sweet potato, arrowroot, cotton Animals: Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas

Western African HEARTH Plants: Yams & Palm Oil Animals: Cattle, Sheep, Goats

Southeast Asian Hearth Plants: Root crops such as taro, bananas, palm trees Animals: Dogs, pigs, chickens

Seed Hearths 1. Central America & parts of Mexico 2. Northeast portions of Africa, including Ethiopia 3. Northern China 4. Northeastern India Practices diffused to other areas & are still practiced today

Southern Mexico Seed Hearth Squash, beans, cotton

Northeastern Africa Seed Hearth Coffee Diffused to Western Africa & then to South America with the slave trade Northern South American countries have prospered from the production of coffee

Northern China Seed Hearth Millet

Northeastern India Rice

Importance of trade routes Helped diffuse the agricultural products we use today Colonialism brought many products to the Western Hemisphere Diffusion of agricultural products led to different styles of farming around the world Climate dictates what is grown there Ex: Lemons & Oranges don’t grow well in New England