Western Countries Influence Africa, Asia, Latin America Imperialism Western Countries Influence Africa, Asia, Latin America

New Imperialism Old Imperialism sought God, Glory, Gold like Spanish settlements in Latin America New Imperialism was driven by political, economic and social goals. European countries and USA wanted control and/or influence in Africa, Asia, Latin America

Political, Economic & Social Causes of Imperialism Politcal-Nationalism, pride in country made them want to spread culture. Competition, France wants what England has, etc. Economic-raw materials (metals, oil, coal), labor supply, new markets (more people to sell to). Social- Social Darwinism “Civilizing” mission (westernize). Europeans felt they were most “advanced”. Spread Christianity

Types of Imperialism Direct Rule - a country’s leader is replaced by one from the mother country. Indirect Rule - a country’s leader is allowed to remain (may be guided by mother country) Sphere of Influence - trading rights & business interests given to mother country Protectorate - mother country offers protection for a sphere of influence.

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Britain dominates trade in India (more later) By mid 1800s, Britain took Burma as a colony to protect interests in India. 1819, Britain colonized Singapore 1884, France makes Vietnam protectorate. Resistance movements by peasants is stopped. Neighboring Cambodia, Laos, other areas become French Indochina Thailand (Siam) westernized, stayed independent under Kings Mongkut & son Chulalongkorn.

United States Imperialism U.S. “starts” war with Spain (in Cuba, more later). Philippines, a Spanish possession, was desired by U.S. as gateway to China. Commodore Dewey (U.S. Navy) defeated Spanish in Manila Bay (prevented Jap. takeover) Emilio Aguinaldo led movement for independence. U.S. forces stopped it. Brit., Fr. & Amer. treated natives horribly.

Europe’s Interest in Africa Dr. Livingstone explored thru east-central Africa. His writings intrigued Europeans. When info. stopped coming, Henry Stanley searched for him, found him, they cont’d. Cecil Rhodes discovers diamond and gold mines in southern Africa = $$$.

The Partition of Africa Leopold II of Belgium called meeting of Europe’s leaders into Berlin 1885 to partition (divide) Africa. 1914, 90% of continent was controlled by European nations. Menelik II of Ethiopia defeated Italy to remain ind. Liberia (freed slaves) only other.

More About Africa Britain gains control of Egypt. They build Suez Canal (Connects Med. Sea to Red Sea), vital as their “Lifeline to India” (more next section). British and Dutch (Boers) fought over control of South Africa. Boer War 1899-1902. British gain control, Dutch remain. France controlled West Africa. Belgium controlled Congo (Central Africa).

British Rule in India The British East India Company (trade co.) gradually became more involved in India’s political and military affairs since 1756. Brits hired Indian soldiers called Sepoys to protect company’s interest in region. By 1857, Sepoys mistrust of British grew. A Sepoy Rebellion caused Queen Victoria to send Viceroys (governors) to rule directly.

“The Jewel in the Crown” Benefits of British Rule–children educated (only upper class,90% not), Railroads, telegraph & postal service facilitated British industry. Cost of British Rule-destroyed local economies, taxed peasants. Switched wheat fields to cotton, led to famine. 30 million died of starvation 1800-1900. Degrading to Indian people, British dis- respected culture, Taj Majal (tomb) parties.

Mohandas Gandhi INC (Indian National Congress) fights for indep. INC struggles with religious differences, Hindu and Muslim in northwest Gandhi returns from S. Afr. 1915 22 year struggle for independence using non-violence. Gandhi given title “Mahatma” = Great Soul