All cells have: 1) DNA/RNA 2) Cytoplasm 3) membrane smallest units of life CELLS All cells have: 1) DNA/RNA 2) Cytoplasm 3) membrane

Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. Cells are basic units of life. Cells come from existing cells.

Unicellular 1 cell Multicellular 2 or more cells

Cell Types

Prokaryotic (Pre) ( Nucleus) unicellular Have DNA & Ribosomes Don’t have organelles or a nucleus Bacteria only

Eukaryotic (True) ( Nucleus) uni or multicellular DNA inside a nucleus many organelles = special functions all life except bacteria

Organelles Little “organs” with specific jobs                      

Cells have organelles to help with 3 main jobs: Make Proteins Ribosomes, ER, Golgi Make Energy Chloroplasts, Mitochondria 3. Reproduce

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL Roundish Squarish Chloroplast Cell Wall Central Vacuole 9

CELL MEMBRANE Function: - controls what goes in and out Facts: Selectively Permeable: only lets certain things enter or leave made of Phospholipid Bilayer lipids & proteins double layer phospholipid cell membrane

CYTOPLASM Facts: Function: Prevents collapse fluid water, sugar, protein “frame” called a cytoskeleton cytoskeleton cytoplasm

NUCLEUS Function: Stores genetic information (DNA) Facts: has a Nucleolus that makes RNA & ribosomes

Chromatin Function: Unorganized DNA FACTS: becomes chromosomes during mitosis

Ribosomes Function: makes proteins Facts: found on rough ER

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Function: produces and transports supplies Facts: Smooth ER  lipids & carbs Rough ER  proteins

Golgi apparatus Function: packaging of proteins Facts: receives proteins from E.R.  packages them for export

Mitochondria Function: makes energy for cells Facts: changes Glucose into ATP

Lysosomes Function: digests food and old cell parts Facts: has digestive enzymes

Chloroplast Function: makes energy for plant cells Facts: Site of photosynthesis Uses sunlight to change water & Carbon Dioxide into Glucose

CELL WALL Function: structure & support Facts: helps plant to grow upright Surrounds membrane bacteria, fungi, plant cells

VACUOLES Function: stores water & nutrients Facts: plant cells = large (CENTRAL) animal cells = small

VESICLE Facts: Function: carries materials around the cell -don’t live very long -get recycled 22

Cell Energy nutrients must be broken down to GLUCOSE breakdown done by enzymes

Release energy from glucose through cellular respiration [ATP] Plants Animals Make glucose through Photosynthesis Get glucose from food Release energy from glucose through cellular respiration [ATP]

Photosynthesis WHERE: Chloroplast WHO: plant cells WHY: turns H2O and CO2 into C6H12O6 and O2 WHEN: in the presence of light

Light Dependent Reactions Light is absorbed by chlorophyll Light splits H2O into H2 and O Energy from this split = ATP O is “leftover”

Light Independent Reactions “Calvin Cycle” “Dark Reactions” Steps: Energy from ATP used to make sugar (C6H12O6) from H2O & CO2

Equation Light + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 GLUCOSE

Where did they Go? 6 CO2 Reactants 6H2O Products C6H12O6 6O2

The Big Picture

Photosynthesis Concept Map Cut out the pictures Arrange them in a way that tells a story about what is happening during the process of photosynthesis Add labels, arrows, and other symbols to connect the concepts Write a 25 word summary of the process of photosynthesis

Cell Respiration WHERE: MITOCHONDRIA WHO: all eukaryotic Cells WHY: to turn sugar (glucose) into fuel (ATP)

carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers” Equation C6H12O6+ 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers”

Two Types Aerobic Anaerobic/Fermentation Most Eukaryotic cells needs oxygen makes 36 ATP 3 steps Anaerobic/Fermentation Yeast & Bacteria for small things Since oxygen isn’t available only makes 2 ATP This is how we make bread, yogurt, beer wine!

Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis: cytoplasm (no O2 needed) splits glucose Done by all living cells; 2 ATP 2. Krebs Cycle: mitochondria, makes 2 ATP 3. Electron Transport Chain : mitochondria, makes up to 34 ATP  requires OXYGEN

ATP denosine ri- hosphate

The Big Picture All nutrients must be broken down to Glucose Glucose must be converted to ATP ANALOGY: Money  Tokens

ATP energy molecule in ALL organisms energy in Chemical Bonds Breaking a bond releases energy ATPADP Making a bond stores energy ADP ATP ATP is used to do cell WORK (build, reproduce, import/export)

Cellular Respiration Concept Map Cut out the pictures Arrange them in a way that tells a story about what is happening during the cell respiration process Add labels, arrows, and other symbols to connect the concepts Write a 25 word summary of the process of cellular respiration Use arrows or color coding to show how the cycles are relayed… (hint: look at the equation)

Cell Transport made possible by: Phospholipids Concentration Gradient Selective Permeability Membrane Bound Proteins

Selective Permeability: allows some substances to cross the membrane more easily than others Concentration Gradient: difference in the amount of solutes on each side of a cell membrane

Phospholipid Heads out, tails in… bi-layer (2) HEAD: LOVES WATER hydrophilic TAIL: HATES WATER hydrophobic Heads out, tails in… bi-layer (2)

Types of Transport Active Passive Substances move low to high concentration ATP Required Needs proteins & pumps Endocytosis (in) Exocytosis (out) Passive Substances move high to low concentration No ATP Required Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion

Passive Transport  no ATP Diffusion: movement from high to low; moving down the gradient (like sliding down a slide) Facilitated Diffusion: transporting molecules by channel proteins during diffusion (like someone else carrying you down the slide) + Help =

Active Transport  ATP Transport against a concentration gradient (from low to high) using protein (like walking up the slide)

Cell Size  small is better small means more surface area and less volume  maximizes diffusion SA:V Ratio Important High Ratio [10:1]  lots of SA means more nutrients in and waste out Low Ratio [1:1]  can’t get enough food or remove enough waste

Solvent: a liquid that dissolves the solute, usually water or alcohol Solute: Anything dissolved in a solvent Together they make a Solution Salt Water + =

Water Balance HYPERTONIC SOLUTION ISOTONIC SOLUTION HYPOTONIC SOLUTION More solutes (salts) outside cell Same solutes as cell More Solutes inside cell Solutes suck water OUT in and out Solutes suck water IN Cell shrinks Cell stays same size Cell swells and bursts

This is why you get thirsty after eating something salty. A simple rule: Salt Sucks! When salt is inside or outside the cell, it SUCKS water in its direction. This is why you get thirsty after eating something salty.