Label the religions 1 5 3 2 4 Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, or Judaism

Sort the following as Europe, USA, or Middle East 1 4 7 10 2 5 8 11 3 6 9 12

Sort the following as Buddhist, Christian, Jewish, or Muslim. 1 4 7 10 2 5 8 11 3 6 9 12

Check for Understanding

Check for Understanding Which example does not show a reason why nations need to cooperate? Latin American ethnic groups host international festival Typhoon hits Southeast Asia City hall votes to raise rates on garbage collection Business brings hundreds of jobs to tri-cities

Political Divisions & Conflict vs. Cooperation PAGE 37 (NOTES) World Geography SOL 10 Political Divisions & Conflict vs. Cooperation PAGE 37 (NOTES)

Cultural Geography: Cooperation & Conflict Political division or jurisdictions are regions of the Earth’s surface over which groups of people establish social, economic & political control. Political divisions may generate conflict. Political divisions may generate cooperation.

What are some examples of LOCAL political divisions?

Examples of political divisions Neighborhoods Election districts School districts Regional districts (e.g. waste disposal, conservation districts, planning districts, zip code zones) Cities Counties States

Why do we need local political divisions?

Reasons for political divisions Desire for government closer to home Need to solve local problems Need to administer resources more efficiently

Reasons for conflict Boundary disputes Cultural differences Economic differences Competition for scarce resources Political advantages (e.g. gerrymandering)

Gerrymandering To change the boundaries of a place to favor one group (i.e. to have more of one race or political party in an area)

Examples of political divisions Countries Alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) A political organization of 25 members from North America and Europe that supports democracy and security of the members European Union (EU) - an economic alliance established after WWII and made up of over 20 European countries and created to reduce trade barriers and promote cooperation Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - an economic alliance created in 1960 to control the production and sale of petroleum (oil) among member nations North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - an economic alliance created in 1989 that reduces trade barriers between Mexico, Canada, and the United States

Examples of political divisions Alliances United Nations (UN) A political organization created in 1945 and made up of over 190 countries that works for international peace Organization of American States (OAS) a political organization made up of countries from western hemisphere that works for peace and democracy League of Arab States - a political organization of over 20 Arab nations created at the end of WWII Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - an economic alliance created in 1976 to reduce trade restrictions between member countries and southeast Asia African Union (AU) - a political organization created in 2002 to promote human rights, democracy, and economic development in Africa

Reasons for political divisions Differences in culture, language & religion Retention of historical boundaries Imperial conquest & control Economic similarities & differences

Imperial Conquest When a strong country takes over a weaker country for control of the weaker country’s resources (England taking over India)

Reasons for conflict Boundary & territorial disputes Syria-Israel Western Sahara- Morocco China- Taiwan India- Pakistan Cultural differences (language, religion) Indonesia Canada (Quebec) Sudan

Boundary & Territorial Disputes Syria-Israel - a longstanding conflict dating to the Six-Day War in 1967 when Israel took control of the Golan Heights Western Sahara- Morocco - a dispute since 1975 between the country Morocco and the region Western Sahara in which Morocco claims Western Sahara; at stake are natural resources in Western Sahara. China- Taiwan - a conflict dating to the 1949 Chinese revolution when Mao Zedong’s communists claimed the mainland and the Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-shek, fled to the island Taiwan; China claims Taiwan is part of China, Taiwan claims independence. India- Pakistan - a conflict dating to South Asia’s independence from Britian in 1947; India and Pakistan both claim the land area known as Kashmir

Cultural Differences Indonesia – home of several ethnic groups and languages Canada (Quebec) – Quebec is French speaking while the rest of Canada is English speaking Sudan – site of 20 year civil war between Islamic government and rebels (People’s Liberation Army); has since split into Sudan and South Sudan as of 2011.

Reasons for conflict (cont.) Economic differences Fertile land Access to fresh water Access to coast Fishing rights Natural resources Different economic philosophies

Reasons for Conflict (cont.) Ethnic differences Balkans - between Serbs, Croats, and Muslims Cyprus - between Greek majority and Turkish minority Kashmir - between Pakistani Muslims and Indian Hindus Nationalism - strong feelings of national identity and desire for independence (the Kurds in the Middle East)

Conflicts Map 7 8 9 China 1 Morocco Pakistan 4 2 3 India 6 5 B. C. Boundary Disputes Cultural Differences Ethnic Differences Western Sahara-Morocco 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Syria-Israel China-Taiwan India-Pakistan Indonesia Sudan Balkans Cyprus Kashmir

Check for Understanding What is it called when electoral districts are redrawn for electoral advantage? Political advantage Spatial divisions Boundary disputes Gerrymandering

Reasons for cooperation Natural disasters Economic advantages (attract new businesses) Cultural similarities, ethnic neighborhoods Addressing regional issues (e.g. waste management, magnet schools, transportation)

Cooperation may eliminate the need for the division and control of the Earth’s surface.

Examples of cooperation Humanitarian initiatives (e.g. Red Cross & Red Crescent) Economic alliances (e.g. Law of Sea, China & United States, multinational corporations, North American Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA], Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries [OPEC]) Cultural alliances (e.g. Francophone world, Commonwealth of Nations (former British Colonies))

Francophone French-speaking

Examples of cooperation (cont.) Military alliances (e.g. North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]) Problem solving alliances(e.g. Antarctica Treaty & United Nations [UN]peacekeepers) Programs to promote international understanding (Peace Corps) Alliances for environmental preservation Alliances for foreign aid

Name that alliance! ______________ is an economic alliance that reduced trade barriers among Mexico, Canada, and the United States ______________ is an alliance to promote human rights, democracy, and economic development in Africa. ______________ is an economic alliance for controlling the production and sale of petroleum. ______________ is a political alliance from North America and Europe supporting democracy and security for its members. ______________ is an economic alliance to reduce trade restrictions between member countries of Southeast Asia.

Conflicts Map China Morocco Pakistan India A. B. C. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.