Population Policies Pro-natalist / Expansive Anti-natalist / Restrictive

Why would a country want a pro-natalist policy ? http://www.aishbaltimore.com/zz/family/rebbitzen/The_Joys_of_A_Large_Family.asp http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/images/Malagasy_children.jpg

Why would a country want an anti-natalist policy ? http://www.upiasia.com/thumbnails/63232c7d88b2a81dfa3c881741f3ac7a.jpg

U.S.S.R. - pro-natalist Starting on July 8, 1944 the government of the U.S.S.R. began awarding medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate.

Why did the government believe there was a need for a pro-natalist policy at this time ?

3 main categories of medals were presented Motherhood Medals Order of the Glory of Motherhood or Order of Maternal Glory Order of Mother Heroine

Motherhood Medal 2nd Class 5 children 8,000,000 awarded

Motherhood Medal 1st Class 6 children 4,000,000 awarded

Order of Maternal Glory 3rd Class 7 children 2,000,000 awarded

Order of Maternal Glory 2nd Class 8 children 1,000,000 awarded

Order of Maternal Glory 1st Class 9 children 500,000 awarded

Order Mother Heroine 10 children 200,000 awarded

People’s Republic of Albania For bearing, raising & educating children Order of Mother Heroine 10 children http://www.albaniancorner.com/store/Medals%20&%20Orders%20&%20Militaria/c22/index.html

Albania Communist Order MOTHERHOOD GLORY-1950 Class I Class II Class III 9 children 6 children 3 children http://www.albaniancorner.com/store/Medals%20&%20Orders%20&%20Militaria/c22/index.html

Germany Cross of Honor of the German Mother (Ehrenkreuz der deutschen Mutter) 1938 - 1944 http://www.nobeliefs.com/mementoes.htm

Bronze 3rd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 4, 5 http://www.diggerhistory.info/pages-medals/nazi2.htm Bronze 3rd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 4, 5 Silver 2nd Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 6, 7 Gold 1st Class Mother’s Nazi Cross 8 or more Diamond – 14 or more ?

Bulgaria 1950 - 1991 Original Newer style style http://www.shopbulgaria.com/communist-period-1948-1989-5007.html Medal for Maternity, 1st class 4 children Medal for Maternity, 2nd class 3 children

Bulgarian Order of Mother Glory (original version) http://www.shopbulgaria.com/communist-period-1948-1989-5007.html Class I Class 2 Class 3 4, 5 children ? 6,7 children ? 8/9 children ?

Bulgarian Order of Mother Glory (newer version) http://www.shopbulgaria.com/communist-period-1948-1989-5007.html Class I Class 2 Class 3 4, 5 children ? 6,7 children ? 8/9 children ?

Albania Order of Maternal Glory : 1957 First Class Second Class http://crazymongol.tripod.com/order_of_maternal_glory.htm First Class Second Class 9 children 5 – 8 children

China - anti-natalist 2 different programs in recent years Later, Longer, Fewer Policy One Child Policy

Later, Longer, Fewer (wan xi shao) 1971 get married later in life (mid - late twenties) wait longer for first baby and in between babies have fewer, 2 in urban areas & 3 in rural areas

What difference would it make when you got married ?

One Child Policy 1979 - rewards start once 1 child contract is signed free medical care free daycare and schooling guaranteed job for child bonuses for parents extra maternity leave better housing bigger old age pension Penalties must repay financial benefits educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn parents’ wages reduced

Why are improved old age pensions such an important part of the policy ? How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?

80,000 Family Planning Workers source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html Practice birth control for the revolution

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

Part of Education Program http://www.nisjapan.minidns.net/nis/galleries/5thgradestudentwork/5thGradeChinaProject/07CN.html Part of Education Program

The Science of Family Planning source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

Peer pressure is also effectively used to keep birth rates down

Millions of dollars have been spent on education and on advertizing. http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html Carry out family planning Implement the basic national policy

Clever and pretty healthy and lovely source: http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html

Do a good job in family planning to promote economic development http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop.html Do a good job in family planning to promote economic development

http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

In the majority of the posters, is the 1 child male or female ? In addition to showing a happy child and parent(s), what other idea is often linked with the single child.

Why do you believe that most posters show a girl rather than a boy ?

How many missing girls are there in the under 20 categories ?

Why do the posters often suggest an association between economic prosperity and happy 1 child families ?

Little emperors Any social problems ?

In recent years China has relaxed the rules, and in some cases have even started encouraging two children. In many cases, parents are not taking advantage of this opportunity. Why ?

Iran: - Anti-natalist or pro-natalist ? http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/398959/2/istockphoto_398959_iran.jpg

1967 – first anti-natalist policy 1979 – pro-natalist 1988 – anti-natalist 2006 – pro-natalist ?

1967 start of family planning accelerating economic growth slow rapid growth (2.75%)

1979 start of Islamic Revolution family planning program - western influence promotion of contraception by health officials banned procreation to bolster the ranks of “soldiers for Islam” (8 year war with Iraq) http://www.fnb.to/FNB/Article/Khomeyni/Khomeiny3.jpg Ayatollah Khomeini

Khomeini’s pro-natalist policy resulted in a growth rate of 3.2 % Total fertility rate rose to 7

1988 Khomeini reconsidered his stance due to: faltering economy severe unemployment overcrowded & polluted cities

1988 – 2001 national family planning program was revived encouraged women to wait 3 – 4 years between children discouraged childbearing for those < 18 and > 35 limit family size to 3 children

government controlled media promoted family planning restricted maternity leave after 3 children family planning & mother / infant health care information incorporated into school curriculum government controlled media promoted family planning

all couples take a class on modern contraception before marriage religious leaders supported the gov’n’t plan (fatwas permitted & encouraged the use of all types of contraception including male and female sterilization) all couples take a class on modern contraception before marriage gov’n’t. sanctioned condom factory

investment in literacy (between 1970 & 2001) males (48% – 84%) free birth control and sterilization investment in literacy (between 1970 & 2001) males (48% – 84%) females (25% - 70%)** Total fertility rate dropped < 3 (expected to be 2 by 2010)

2006 "It is said that two children is enough. I oppose this," President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told legislators. "Our country has a lot of capacities. It even has the capacity for 120 million people.“ reduction in working hours for women to allow for more child bearing & rearing

Quebec - Pro-natalist 1950’s - one of the highest Fertility Rates in the developed world (Catholic & rural) 1987 - FR of 1.4 (1.7 Canada) & Quebec’s share of Canadian population was decreasing

Why did the fertility rates decrease so drastically ? Why were the issues of lower fertility rate than the Canadian average and the decreasing % of Canadian population in Quebec, so important to the politicians of Quebec ?

1987 1st set of incentives $500 for each of 1st 2 children $3000 for each subsequent child child care facilities improved & expanded tax free family allowance if 2 or more children interest free housing loans (up to $7000)

1992 1997 2nd set of incentives $500 for 1st child $1000 for 2nd child $6000 for each subsequent child other benefits remained the same 1997 Program ended after 10 yrs. of minimal success

Some people were extremely opposed to the use of money as an incentive. Why would this have been the case ?

2003 election Parti Quebecois’ platform involved population expansion Bernard Landry couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will get 1/2 their student loan paid off

Why do you think this offer was good for only 5 years after university ? What group of people would be favoured by this policy ?

Singapore - anti-natalist & pro-natalist Since the mid-1960s, Singapore's government has attempted to control the country's rate of population growth with a mixture of publicity, exhortation, and material incentives and disincentives

Singapore - anti-natalist & pro-natalist 1947 – 1957 GR = 4.4 % (doubling time = ? years) various government & private programs slowed until 1970’s

Why did the population start to rise again quickly in the 70’s ?

1969 – 1972 population disincentives raise cost of 3rd and subsequent children civil servants received no paid maternity leave for 3rd + income tax deductions for 2 only maternity hospitals charged progressively more for each additional child enrollment to top primary schools went to children of pre – 40 sterilized parents

voluntary sterilization rewarded by seven days of paid sick leave and by priority in the allocation of such public goods as housing and education publicity campaigns: "Stop at Two" and arguing that large families threatened parents' present livelihood and future security. penalties affected poor more than rich

The anti-natalist policies worked so well, now Singapore is promoting births again http://static.flickr.com/56/133361262_16edfe9ada_m.jpg

Dating pamphlets to encourage and help young couple personals.promotions.yahoo.com/singaporefp www.wow-her.com.sg/events.htm

Japan Princesses Masako & Aiko

Nepal

Bolivia http://info.k4health.org/pr/j50/p5.jpg

Ethiopia

Indonesia

Vietnam 2 children is enough

Vietnam

Vietnam http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3206/3150039863_cb3ba3359d.jpg?v=0

India Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html

Egypt

United States

Eugenics Germany Alberta Quebec ? India Singapore China

India s extremists want anti- Muslim family planning measure Ummah News ^ | June 14 2002 India's Hindu extremist party, the VHP, has asked the government to enforce family planning measures on the Muslim population, saying its rapid increase is "detrimental" to Hindus in the country

Web sites where images and limited information regarding Information regarding the Motherhood Medals indicates that the medals were presented to women only once their youngest child reached 1 year of age, and if all her other children were alive. Children killed in the service of the U.S.S.R. were considered alive for award purposes. Adopted children also counted towards the award. I assume, but don’t know for certain, that the same rules applied for all the Soviet awards. Web sites where images and limited information regarding the U.S.S.R. came from.