Chapter 13 New Movements in America 1815-1850 Page 388

Section 1: America Stirs to New Ideas Examine how the Second Great Awakening affected Americans Describe transcendentalists’ views of American Society Identify some of the ideas of the romantic movement

A. The Second Great Awakening 1790’s to 1830’s- Second Great Awakening- revival of religion in response to IR Charles Grandison Finney- sin is avoidable and each individual is responsible for their salvation Transcendentalism- idea that people could rise above material things Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau Emerson- look within yourself for guidance, don’t rely on institutions

B. Utopian Societies Groups established new communities- suppose to be perfect and based on transcendentalism ideas Shakers? Robert Owen? American writers Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Edgar Allen Poe Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson John Greenleaf Whittier

Section 2: Immigrants and Cities Explain why Irish and German Immigrants came to US Discuss American reactions Describe the benefits and problems with immigration

A. Waves of immigrants 1840-1860- 4 million Immigrants 3 million from Ireland and Germany Irish Potato famine- blight kills potatoes More than a million starved Settled in towns Poorer Catholic Faced much discrimination

Germany Many flee political turmoil in Germany Forced to served in the army Usually educated More likely to live in rural areas Had money Many were skilled laborers Many were protestant

B. Native Response Many native-born citizens threatened by immigration Shut the door to next generation of immigrants Didn’t like non-protestants Nativists- oppose immigration Know-Nothing Party

C. Growth of Cities IR led to growth of cities, especially in Northeast IR led to a growth of the Middle Class- Cities were compact and crowded No sewer systems No mass transit Poor city planning Tenements- Disease Crime Fire Garbage Polution

Section 3: Reforming Society Identify factors that led to reform movement Examine the reasons why reformers started the temperance movement Determine how Americans’ educational opportunities changed during the early 1800’s

A. Origins of Reform Second Great Awakening- leads many to try and improve social conditions Many middle class women led the way Mentally Ill- Dorothea Dix Also Jails Disadvantaged Youth- Josiah Quincy- also reform prisons Pushed children to get different punishments than adults

B. Campaigning Against Alcohol Average consumption in mid 1800’s- more than 7 gallons a year Many blamed alcohol for: Violence, poverty, and crime Temperance Movement- effort to ban alcohol Leaders Preacher Lyman Beecher Neal Dow Several states ban sale of alcohol- Maine- eventually 12 others

C. Education Schools were not consistent and many children didn’t go Common-School movement- Horace Mann- leader in the public school movement education should be provided to everyone on a consistent basis First secretary of Education in Massachusetts Women’s Education- still limited Catherine and Lyman Beecher push for greater education opportunities for women Colleges for Women- Troy Female Seminary First Co-ed- Oberlin College

African American Schools Usually attended separate, inferior schools More schools available, but not equal Oberlin first to let AA attend and later Harvard and Dartmouth Black Colleges later open in mid 1800’s Samuel Gridley Howe- improved ed for visually impaired Perkins institute Thomas Gallaudet- improve ed for hearing imparied

Section 4: The Movement to End Slavery Explain the abolition movement Identify methods abolitionists used Investigate reasons some Americans opposed abolition

A. Abolition 1830’s Abolition- Emancipation- Different degrees- free, but not equal? Free and equal? Colonization Movement American Colonization Society- Liberia- 12,000 eventually Many opposed- David Walker- why?

B. Spreading Abolition Message Spread the message- newspaper, essays, pamphlets Northern Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison- published the Liberator American Anti-Slavery Society Many women supported Southerners Against Slavery Angelina and Sarah Grimke- Theodore Weld- American Slavery As It Is

C. Africans Americans Fight for Abolition Frederick Douglas Escaped slavery at age of 20 Spoke around US against slavery Highland Garnet Sojourner Truth Charles Remond Harriet Jacobs- Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl All tried to inform public on evils of slavery

D. Underground Railroad Network of safe houses or “stations” Set up by Free AAs, former slaves, and white abolitionist Hide and transport runaway slaves to the North Robert Purvis- one of leading organizers Harriet Tubman- most famous “conductor” 19 successful trips into the South Led more than 300 to freedom 40,000 reward for her

E. Opposition to Abolition Many Northerners were also racists Didn’t want slaves free Didn’t believe they were equal Might compete for wages Often resorted to violence to silence abolitionists Elijah Lovejoy Gag Rule- Southerners Defend slavery Its in the bible Its good for the slaves We take care of the slaves, feed, and shelter them. Slaves are inferior

Section 5: Women’s Rights Explain the effect that the abolition movement on the women’s rights movement Describe the goals of the women’s rights movement Analyze the purpose and significance of the Seneca Falls Convention

A. The Influence of Abolition Many women participated in the abolition movement Were mistreated Weren’t allowed to be leaders Began to realize they weren’t much better off than slaves Leaders Sara Grimke- demanded equal pay Sojourner Truth Harriet Beecher Stowe

B. Women’s Rights Could not vote Sit on juries Own property in many states Could not get most jobs Paid less Opposition Should be in home, not in public Need to follow “gender roles” Different physically

C. Seneca Falls Convention Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott resolved to hold a convention on women’s rights Seneca Falls Convention- July 19, 1848 2 day convention to organize women’s movement Declaration of Sentiments Modeled on DOI What women wanted to achieve