1. Monitoring & Early Warning System Integrated Drought Management Program (IDMP): 3 key “pillars” of a National Drought Policy - A case of Ethiopia) 1. Monitoring & Early Warning System Existing practices improvements /ongoing efforts Weak EWS in some places & marginalization of the lowlands Climate Services has to be introduced Single indices Eg. SPI Multi-Indices SPIE Vegetation monitoring (GHA) Forecasting is not descriptive (normal, above normal) Need contextualization to user’s need Poor station network Data quality (missing data, downscaled data i.e at Zonal or Woreda level) Variables used (rainfall, Temp. & SST) Poor forecast skill Lack of long term and precise data Using of hybrid data IOD phase during seasonal forecast

2. Mitigation & Response Mitigation Vs Adaptation?? Structural or non-structural measures taken prior to the impact of a hazard event to minimize its effects (ACDRM, 2013) The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects (IPCC 2014) Resettlement Vs Response or Mitigation?? The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster Both Adaptation & resettlement can be part of the Mitigation. Apart from the structural measures, mitigation includes legal framework, land use planning, incentives, training &education, public awareness, public participation in the preparedness program, institutional building.

2. Mitigation & Response (Cont.) What type of planning exists and at what scale?? Planning at local, regional and national levels. Such mitigation and response plans need to be strengthened. Other issues related to the Mitigation & Response In many cases, there is a well EW but the response is weak. For mitigation and response contingency planning is needed and the mitigation and response has to be connected with the early warning

3. Impact & Vulnerability Assessment Elements at risk Causes for vulnerability Impacts of drought People Rainfed Agriculture Lack of financial resources or food reserves Death (1972/73, 1983/84. 1999/00), displacement, health (malnutrition) (2015/16) Livestock Lack of animal feed Lack of feed reserves Death (including 2015/16) Physical assets (earthen dams) Poor infrastructure (seepage, sedimentation) Less water storage Economic assets (crops & trees) Backward technology & rainfed agriculture Deforestation & low survival rate Less or failure of crop harvest Natural environment (soil, water, vegetation) Poor resource base Less usable soil, water, vegetation & instability of the ecosystem

3. Impact & Vulnerability Assessment (Cont.) The early warning & planning information should contribute to: on identification and ranking of which area is sensitive for which type of hazard ( highlands, and special focus should be given to marginalized lowlands) disaster risk reduction or risk treatment through: Risk avoidance: relocation & land use regulation Risk control: Supplementary (irrigation) Risk transfer: Crop & livestock insurance Risk Retention: self insurance

Mainly top-down down information flow Challenges: Mainly top-down down information flow Huge gap on weather and climate information between what is needed at the local level & what is produced at global or regional level Recommendation: The three key pillars to be effective, there should be a coordination of all stakeholders along the climate service value chain, which ranges from climate data acquisition and analysis, interpretation, communication, and use.