Catch ‘em Up on Grammar - Quick! Lisa Joyner, M.Ed. General Education Chair Virginia Baptist College

Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Nouns Interjections Pronouns Conjunctions Verbs All words in the English language fall into one of these categories. Our job as teachers is to help our students see the big picture first, then break the information down into manageable pieces. We don’t want to bog them down with too many details if they don’t understand the big picture first. Prepositions Adjectives Adverbs

Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Definition of a noun Functions of nouns Nouns Interjections Pronouns Parts of Speech Conjunctions Verbs All words in the English language fall into one of these categories. Our job as teachers is to help our students see the big picture first, then break the information down into manageable pieces. We don’t want to bog them down with too many details if they don’t understand the big picture first. Prepositions Adjectives Adverbs

Nouns Definition of a Noun Nouns Person Place Thing Idea

Object of the Preposition Nouns Functions of Nouns Definition of a Noun Nouns Person Place Thing Idea Subject Direct Object Indirect Object Object of the Preposition Predicate Nominative

Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Types Nouns Pronouns Interjections Definition Functions Parts of Speech Conjunctions Verbs All words in the English language fall into one of these categories. Our job as teachers is to help our students see the big picture first, then break the information down into manageable pieces. We don’t want to bog them down with too many details if they don’t understand the big picture first. Prepositions Adjectives Adverbs

for nouns and other pronouns Definition Pronouns The “Replacements” for nouns and other pronouns

for nouns and other pronouns Types Definition Pronouns The “Replacements” for nouns and other pronouns Personal Indefinite Relative Demonstrative Interrogative Reflexive Intensive

Pronouns Pronouns Types Definition The “Replacements” for nouns and other pronouns Personal Indefinite Relative Demonstrative Interrogative Reflexive Intensive Functions Subject Direct Object Indirect Object Object of the Preposition Predicate Nominative

Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Nouns Pronouns Interjections Auxiliary (Helping) Parts of Speech Conjunctions Verbs Linking Action All words in the English language fall into one of these categories. Our job as teachers is to help our students see the big picture first, then break the information down into manageable pieces. We don’t want to bog them down with too many details if they don’t understand the big picture first. Prepositions Adjectives Adverbs

Verbs Verbs Action Physical or Mental Can you add ing to it?

Can be Linking or Action Verbs Linking Verbs “Be” Verbs Am Is Are Was Were Be Being Been “Sense” Verbs Can be Linking or Action Taste Feel Smell Sound Look Appear Grow Remain Stay Become Action Physical or Mental Can you add ing to it?

Can be Linking or Action Verbs Linking Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs “Be” Verbs Am Is Are Was Were Be Being Been “Sense” Verbs Can be Linking or Action Taste Feel Smell Sound Look Appear Grow Remain Stay Become Auxiliary or Action Have Has Had Do Does Did May Might Must Can Could Would Should Will Shall Action Physical or Mental Can you add ing to it?

Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Nouns Interjections Pronouns Conjunctions Verbs All words in the English language fall into one of these categories. Our job as teachers is to help our students see the big picture first, then break the information down into manageable pieces. We don’t want to bog them down with too many details if they don’t understand the big picture first. Prepositions Adjectives Adverbs Definition Questions they answer

Describe (modify) nouns Adjectives Adjectives Definition Describe (modify) nouns Tips for recognizing an adjective: A ____________ thing is very ____________. Adjectives will usually be in front of the noun they describe (or close behind it).

Describe (modify) nouns Adjectives Adjectives Definition Questions they answer Describe (modify) nouns Which one? What kind? How many/much? Whose? Tips for recognizing an adjective: A ____________ thing is very ____________. Adjectives will usually be in front of the noun they describe (or close behind it).

Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Nouns Interjections Pronouns Conjunctions Verbs All words in the English language fall into one of these categories. Our job as teachers is to help our students see the big picture first, then break the information down into manageable pieces. We don’t want to bog them down with too many details if they don’t understand the big picture first. Prepositions Adjectives Adverbs Definition Questions they answer

Describe (modify) verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs Definition Describe (modify) verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs Tips for recognizing an adverb: Many adverbs (but not all) end in –ly. Adverbs can live anywhere in the sentence – they can be moved around in the sentence and still make sense.

Describe (modify) verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs Definition Questions they answer Describe (modify) verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs When? Where? How? How often? To what extent? Tips for recognizing an adverb: Many adverbs (but not all) end in –ly. Adverbs can live anywhere in the sentence – they can be moved around in the sentence and still make sense.

Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Nouns Interjections Pronouns Conjunctions Verbs Functions All words in the English language fall into one of these categories. Our job as teachers is to help our students see the big picture first, then break the information down into manageable pieces. We don’t want to bog them down with too many details if they don’t understand the big picture first. Prepositions Adjectives Adverbs List

Candy Jar Illustration Prepositions List Memorize List Candy Jar Illustration Prepositions

Prepositions Prepositions Memorize List List Candy Jar Illustration A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and an object that answers “whom” or “what” plus any modifiers for the object. Two places to look for the word the prepositional phrase modifies – The word immediately in front of the prepositional phrase (2) The verb Prepositions Functions Hamburger Illustration

Prepositions Prepositions Phrase comes immediately after the noun or pronoun it modifies List Memorize List Candy Jar Illustration Modifies a Noun or Pronoun Prepositions Adjectival Functions Hamburger Illustration

Prepositions Prepositions Memorize List List Phrase comes immediately after the noun or pronoun it modifies List Memorize List Candy Jar Illustration Modifies a Noun or Pronoun Prepositions If the prep. phrase is not describing the noun or pronoun directly before it, the phrase will be adverbial. Adjectival Modifies a verb – comes at the beginning of sentence, after verb, after direct object Functions Hamburger Illustration Modifies a Verb, Adjective, or Adverb Adverbial

Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Nouns Interjections Pronouns Conjunctions Verbs Types Definition All words in the English language fall into one of these categories. Our job as teachers is to help our students see the big picture first, then break the information down into manageable pieces. We don’t want to bog them down with too many details if they don’t understand the big picture first. Adjectives Prepositions Adverbs

Join words, phrases, and clauses Conjunctions Conjunctions Definition Join words, phrases, and clauses Tips for recognizing an adjective: A ____________ thing is very ____________. Adjectives will usually be in front of the noun they describe (or close behind it).

Join words, phrases, and clauses Conjunctions Conjunctions Types Definition Coordinating Correlative Subordinating Join words, phrases, and clauses Tips for recognizing an adjective: A ____________ thing is very ____________. Adjectives will usually be in front of the noun they describe (or close behind it).

Parts of Speech Parts of Speech Nouns Interjections Pronouns Conjunctions Verbs All words in the English language fall into one of these categories. Our job as teachers is to help our students see the big picture first, then break the information down into manageable pieces. We don’t want to bog them down with too many details if they don’t understand the big picture first. Prepositions Adjectives Adverbs

How to Label a Sentence Pattern Put prepositional phrases in parentheses Label the subject (what the sentence is about) Label the verb (action or linking) Action Verb Is there a noun or pronoun that answers “whom or what” NO Mark the verb Intransitive with no object YES Mark the verb Transitive and mark the noun/pronoun as the Direct Object Ask to whom or what/for whom or what to see if there is an Indirect Object

How to Label a Sentence Pattern Put prepositional phrases in parentheses Label the subject (what the sentence is about) Label the verb (action or linking) Linking Verb Action Verb Is there a noun or pronoun that answers “whom or what” taste, feel , smell, sound, look, appear, seem, grow, remain, stay, become Look for a noun that renames the subject Predicate Noun or an adjective that describes the subject Predicate Adjective am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been NO Mark the verb Intransitive with no object YES Mark the verb Transitive and mark the noun/pronoun as the Direct Object Ask to whom or what/for whom or what to see if there is an Indirect Object

All About Verbals Participles Infinitives Gerunds They pretend to be adjectives. They pretend to be adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. They pretend to be nouns. They end in -ing, -ed, -en, or -t They always end in –ing. They start with “to” and are followed by a verb. Swimming in a pool alone is a bad idea. (sub) Evan wrote a paragraph about hiking. (op) Miss Boyd’s favorite hobby is shopping. (pn) His job, sorting the mail, became monotonous. (app) Paula Deen gives cooking a good name. (io) The girls liked talking on the phone every night. (do) The breaking glass made a loud noise. The broken glass had to be swept up. The dog scratched on the locked door. Mary ate burnt toast for breakfast. To give up chocolate would be too difficult. (noun – subject) The way to lose weight is to exercise. (adjective and noun) To cheer her up, Josh bought his mom a dozen roses. (adverb) Verbals are actually verbs normally, but verbals are acting like something else. When a simple noun or adjective or adverb just isn’t enough, a verbal may be just the right thing to add to your sentence to make it more interesting or more concise. There are three types of verbals: participles, gerunds and infinitives. Verbals are actually verbs, but they sometimes are not acting like verbs in a sentence. Instead, they find part-time work as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. When they do, they are “verbals” or Verbs Acting Like Something Else.

Phrases and Clauses Phrases Group of related words It can include a subject OR a verb but NOT BOTH Prepositional phrases Appositive phrases Noun phrases Verb phrases Verbal phrases

Phrases and Clauses Phrases Clauses Group of related words It can include a subject OR a verb but NOT BOTH Group of related words with BOTH a subject AND a verb Prepositional phrases Appositive phrases Noun phrases Verb phrases Verbal phrases Independent clauses Can stand alone as a sentence Express a complete thought Dependent clauses Can NOT stand alone as a sentence Usually introduced by a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun