Learning Objectives Understand the unique climatological challenges of this region, which include monsoons and cyclones, and accompanying flooding Learn about the challenges and strategies of feeding a large and growing population Become familiar with the physical, demographic, cultural, political, and economic characteristics of South Asia Understand the following concepts and models: - Monsoon - Green Revolution - Caste system - Orographic rainfall - Subcontinent - Hindu Nationalism

South Asia Indus River Ganga River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts. Western Ghats Mts. Himalayas Mts. Hindu Kush Mts., Thar (Great Indian Desert), Deccan Plateau

Russia China Iran

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Plate Tectonics, Subduction Page 23

South Asia Indus River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts. Western Ghats Mts. Himalayas Mts. Thar (Great Indian Desert) Deccan Plateau Hindu Kush Mts. Indus River

South Asia Indus River Ganga River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts Western Ghats Mts Himalayas Mts Thar (Great Indian Desert Indus River Ganga River

South Asia Indus River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts Western Ghats Mts Himalayas Mts Thar (Great Indian Desert Brahmaputra R. Indus River Ganges River

South Asia Indus River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts Western Ghats Mts Himalayas Mts Thar (Great Indian Desert Brahmaputra R. Indus River Ganges River Arabian Sea

South Asia Indus River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts Western Ghats Mts Himalayas Mts Thar (Great Indian Desert Brahmaputra R. Indus River Ganges River Bay Of Bengal Arabian Sea

South Asia Indus River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts Western Ghats Mts Himalayas Mts Thar (Great Indian Desert Brahmaputra R. Indus River Ganges River Eastern Ghats Mts. Bay Of Bengal Arabian Sea

South Asia Indus River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts Western Ghats Mts Himalayas Mts Thar (Great Indian Desert) Brahmaputra R. Indus River Ganges River Eastern Ghats Mts. Bay Of Bengal Western Ghats Arabian Sea

South Asia Indus River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts Western Ghats Mts Himalayas Mts Thar (Great Indian Desert Brahmaputra R. Indus River Himalayas Mts Ganges River Eastern Ghats Mts. Bay Of Bengal Western Ghats Arabian Sea

South Asia Indus River Ganges River Brahmaputra River Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Eastern Ghats Mts Western Ghats Mts Himalayas Mts. Thar (Great Indian Desert) Deccan Plateau Hindu Kush Mountains Brahmaputra R. Indus River Thar Desert Himalayas Mts Ganges River Eastern Ghats Mts. Bay Of Bengal Western Ghats Arabian Sea

South Asia’s Monsoon Climates Monsoon: distinct seasonal change of wind direction -Summer monsoon brings rain and flooding -Winter is dry Orographic rainfall: Precipitation from uplift and cooling of moist winds -Western Ghats and Himalayas -Rain-shadow effect: area of low rainfall on the leeward (or downwind) side of a mountain range South Asia’s Monsoon Climates

MONSOONS “To know India and her people, one has to know the monsoon.” To the people of India the monsoons are a source of life. Seasonal reversal of winds General onshore movement in summer General offshore flow in winter Very distinctive seasonal precipitation patterns.

Monsoons

MONSOON RAINS ESSENTIAL FOR RICE PRODUCTION.

POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS (RESULTS OF CATASTROPHIC RAINFALL) Widespread flooding Property damage Destruction to agricultural lands Damage to transportation infrastructure Homelessness Disease Malnutrition Serious injury Death

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA THE WORLD’S LARGEST POPULATION CLUSTER SIGNIFICANT DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS LOW INCOME ECONOMIES POPULATION CONCENTRATED IN VILLAGES - SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE STRONG CULTURAL REGIONALISM

CULTURE A culturally fragmented region Religious and linguistic diversity Religious Patterns Islam is predominant in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Hinduism is predominant in India and Nepal. Sikhism thrives in northern India. Buddhism is predominant in Sri Lanka and Bhutan.

CULTURAL HEARTH: The Indus River Where an early culture emerged and developed Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated tribes and villages to towns and beyond. Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices brought to India by the Indo-Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC) Buddhism born of discontent; made the state religion of India in 3rd century BC Islam sweeps through central India from the 8th -10th centuries AD

RELIGION

Religion Buddhist Monastery Hindu Temple in Ponda, Goa Globalization & Diversity 2e: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

HINDUISM The world’s oldest religion Cultural hearth of the Indus River Diffused south and east down the Ganges Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native religions and customs

HINDUISM Not just a religion An intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements No common creed No single doctrine No direct divine revelation No rigid narrow moral code

MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM Three main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion and the caste system Reincarnation Karma Dharma

REINCARNATION Every living thing has a soul. When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature. Souls are reborn in a newly created life.

KARMA Every action brings about certain results. There is no escaping the consequences of one’s actions. Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature.

DHARMA A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of reincarnation. Each person’s dharma is different.

Regulations of the caste system THREE BASIC PRACTICES Puja or worship Cremation of the dead Regulations of the caste system

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BUDDHISM Adherents objected to harsher features of Hinduism Siddhartha Gautama (563 B.C.), the Buddha From elite caste, but rejected wealth and power Sought to attain mystical union with the universe (enlightenment) Elimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animals

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS Sorrow and suffering are part of all life. People suffer because they desire things they cannot have. The way to escape suffering is to end desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting. To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire.

EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAY Right understanding Right purpose Right speech Right conduct Right means of earning a living Right effort Right awareness Right meditation

FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT Arrival of Islam Around 700 A.D. Arab armies conquered lower Indus Valley Mughal Empire, a powerful Muslim state, dominated Conversion in northwest (Pakistan) and Northeast (Bangladesh) Final blow - 8th century - arrival of Islam -- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries -- Burned libraries -- Killed monks Today - only 1 million Buddhists in India

RELIGION 42

LANGUAGES Hindi 320 m Bihari 70 m Marathi 67 m Rajasthani 44 m Gujarati 39 m Oriya 31 m Assamese 23 m Sindhi 17 m Sinhalese 13 m Telugu 71m Tamil 67m Kannada 43m Malayalam 35m 43

KASHMIR INDEPENDENCE & PARTITION JAMMU & KASHMIR FACED WITH THE CHOICE OF JOINING EITHER HINDU INDIA OR MUSLIM PAKISTAN KASHMIR – HINDU MAHARAJA BUT MUSLIM POPULATION SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENCES

Under British rule, Kashmir was ruled by a Hindu maharaja, who joined this mostly Muslim province to India. Today many Kashmiris wish to join Pakistan, while others want an independent Kashmir. Conflict in Kashmir Geopolitical Change Mughal Empire, British Colony, Independence

Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma India has more than 1.2 billion people Concern about producing enough food India’s TFR at 2.58 Preference for males creates problems Pakistan has 190 million people Pakistan lacks an effective, coordinated family planning program Overall TFR is 3.02 Linked to Muslim culture Early childhood mortality, and low rate of female contraception Bangladesh has 163 million people Has one of the highest settlement densities in the world TFR is 2.5 Strong government support for family planning Muslim culture, but more flexible

POPULATION DENSITY

-This region is growing more than twice as fast as East Asia Population (Fig. 12.9) -This region is growing more than twice as fast as East Asia -In the coming years, South Asia will become the world’s most populous region (surpassing East Asia and China) Globalization & Diversity 2e: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff

POPULATION DENSITY World Average = 117/mi2 36 315 341 865 54 52 53 176 Pacific Southeast Asia Southeast Asia 315 East Asia 341 South Asia South Asia 865 Subsaharan Africa Iowa, USA 54 N. Africa/S.W. Asia N. Africa/S.W. Asia 52 South America South America 53 176 Middle America Middle America 7.6 Australia 874 Japan Japan North America North America 42 Russia Russia 22 265 Europe Europe 400 600 800 1000 200 Realm People per square mile

POPULATION DENSITY COMPARISON United States - Bangladesh UNITED STATES 77 people/ sq mile BANGLADESH 2,932 people/ sq mile 163,000,000 55,598

INDIA’S GREAT CITIES MUMBAI (BOMBAY)- 19.4 MILLION ACHIEVED “PRIMACY” BASED ON ITS SITUATION (SUEZ CANAL) KOLKATA (CALCUTTA) - 13.5 MILLION 500,000 HOMELESS FORMER BRITISH COLONIAL CAPITAL- 1772 ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY PARTITION DELHI (NEW AND OLD) - 13.6 MILLION BRITISH AND INDIAN SEAT OF GOVERNMENT India’s urban population is only 28% (U.S. urban population 78%)

1130 The Green Revolution Fertility Growth Rate

The Green Revolution Green Revolution: agricultural techniques based on hybrid crops, heavy use of industrial fertilizers and chemical pesticides Use of hybrid, high-yield seeds to bolster production From 1970 to 1990s: India more than doubled annual grain production (Punjab: “breadbasket”) But with high environmental and social costs Chemical fertilizers and pesticides harm environment Salinization in irrigated areas Poorer farmers forced from their lands Only more prosperous farmers could afford to adopt seeds and use mechanization Bhopal fertilizer factory explosion in 1984 long-term effects Green Revolution Increased yields in Punjab

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (INDIA) MEDICAL PROCEDURES LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT (TECHNOLOGY) A MIXTURE OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE FARMING AND MODERN AGRICULTURE, MINING HANDICRAFTS, OLD AND NEW BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY, TEXTILES A MULTITUDE OF SUPPORT SERVICES (Dell Computers, H&R Block, Credit Card Co.)

Prices

Primary Economic Activity - An economic pursuit mainly involving natural or culturally improved resources Agriculture Mining Lumbering fishing

Secondary Economic Activity - the processing of materials to render them more directly useful. Manufacturing Assembling of raw materials

Tertiary Economic Activity - Sectors of the economy that provide markets and exchange for commodities. Wholesale and retail trade Personal and professional services Medicine Recreation

Quaternary Economic Activity - An information oriented economic activity. Research, Think tanks Information processing Finance insurance computer and telecommunications Education Government information services

Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided Region International and Global Geopolitics Cold war between India and Pakistan Nuclear capabilities of both countries escalated tensions China allied with Pakistan (China-India border conflict) Terrorist attacks of September 11th complicated matters Pakistani had supported Afghanistan’s Taliban regime, now helps U.S. Marxist rebel movement against India in Nepal Border Tensions An Indian officer observes Kashmir Both India and Pakistan have nuclear weapons

Inherited a reasonably well-developed urban infrastructure Agriculture, cotton, textile industry are important Less dynamic economy and less potential for growth Burdened by high levels of defense spending (large military) Forward Capital City of Islamabad pbs.org

Poorest country in the region Heavy reliance on production of commercial crops (rice) Environmental degradation has contributed to poverty Internationally competitive in textile and clothing manufacturing

Textile safety issues

SRI LANKA 20 MILLION PEOPLE (70% BUDDHISTS) PLANTATION AGRICULTURE: TEA, RUBBER, COCONUTS SOUTH (MAJORITY OF POPULATION) BUDDHISTS SPEAK SINHALA (INDO-EUROPEAN) NORTH (18% OF THE POPULATION) HINDU TAMIL LANGUAGE

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Mountainous North Nepal Bhutan Home of the world highest mountains The Himalayas Political turmoil Hinduism Bhutan Closed to the outside world Buddhist ‘Happiness’ 68

AFGHANISTAN BUFFER STATE TURBULENT HISTORY MUJAHIDEEN TALIBAN ERA OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM E. J. PALKA

Language and Ethnicity in Afghanistan Cultural Coherence & Diversity: Meeting Ground of Different Traditions, cont. Contemporary Linguistic and Ethnic Geography Language and Ethnicity in Afghanistan Afghanistan never colonized by outside powers; Dari Speakers: Tajiks and Hazaras 11% are Uzbek Afghanistan’s Ethnic Patchwork

90% of the worlds heroin is from Afghanistan Opium-Poppy fields

Conclusions Geopolitical tensions in South Asia cause concern Nuclear rivalry between India and Pakistan Religious strife between Hindus and Muslims Bangladesh draws foreign direct investment and prospects for the future India may be perfectly positioned for globalization