Keeping the invaders away The Immune and lymphatic systems

Standards: The body has two basic ways of fighting infection: nonspecific resistance and specific resistance. Non-specific resistance involves the use of the body’s anatomy and physiology without the need to specifically identify the invader. Specific resistance involves the use of specialized immune cells to mount an attack on a specific pathogen. The ability to store instructions for making specific antibodies in a cell’s memory not only protects us from future infection, but is also the foundation for the use of vaccines. Describe lymph and a lymph node and its major functions.

Keeping out no one in particular Pathogens- disease causing agents Ex: bacteria, virus, protozoa, spores from fungi… You are an open system. Although we have some barriers we are at constant threat of invasion. Nonspecific resistance- also known as innate defense; functions the same way regardless of the type of pathogen or number of exposures. Examples: Mucous membranes, hair, blood, tears, gastric juices, and… Macrophages (literally means Big Eaters!)

Macrophages A specialized white blood cell Our built-in clean up crew. Phagocytosis- use the cell membrane to engulf pathogen and lyse it. Two main kinds fixed and wandering Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a specific kind of wandering macrophage

The tinniest army Specific defenses- mechanisms that target specific pathogens Active Cell-Mediated and Antibody-Mediated immunity specialized cells recognize and attack invaders Naturally acquired active immunity is what you usually think of when you hear immunity. Artificially acquired active immunity is the basis of vaccines Passive Naturally acquired passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from another person From a mother to a fetus across the placenta From a mother to a baby through breast milk Anti body mediated is also known as humoral immunity

Our troops T Cells Killer T cells Helper T cells So many more! B Cells Direct T-cell activation Memory B cells And many more! Antibodies Also known as immunoglobins Many kinds Your mission… if your choose to accept it (I encourage that you do. Grades and whatnot.)… is to teach us more about these cells, how they interact, and their roll in immunity. T cells and B cells are lymphocytes

Olymphics- the body defense games Create a game, board or active, based on a form of ACTIVE (cell or antibody mediated) or PASSIVE immunity. Use your game to teach the complexity of immunity with a focus on specialized immune cells. Your audience is our SAMi freshies. The best of the best will be used as a teaching aid. You must create the rules and directions for your game. You should include questions and set-backs for your player. A game without challenges is boring and often teaches little. See rubric for specifics.

Lymph and lymph nodes Interstitial fluid- fluids that take up and flow between all of your tissues Lymph- interstitial fluid once in enters lymphatic pathways similar to blood vessels and often run parallel to. Lymph node 2 major functions: Filtering potentially harmful particles Monitoring body fluids A collection organ for lymph through which lymph drains Contain masses of B cells and macrophages Make B lymphocytes Movement- Khan Academy

vaccines A preparation that produces active immunity Might consist of bacteria or viruses that have been killed or weakened so that they cannot cause a serious infection, or just pieces (proteins) Diseases haven’t disappeared, and the more people that get vaccines, the less likely a spread is Some people cannot get vaccines due to health issues, so it is up to the rest of us to keep herd immunity There is no link between vaccines and Autism spectrum diseases (CDC, IOM) More than 15,000 Americans died from diphtheria in 1921. IOM= Institute of Medicine

allergies An immune response to a nonharmful substance Immediate-reaction allergy Happens within minutes of contact with the allergen Often affects people who have an inherited tendency to overproduce antigens Activates B-cells when first encountered, and subsequent exposure triggers allergic reaction You don’t have an allergic reaction on first exposure Delayed-reaction allergy Usually take 24-48 hours to occur Results from repeated exposure of the skin to certain chemicals Substance activates T-cells, T-cells attract macrophages, the T-cells and macrophages release chemicals that inflame the skin Poison ivy

Autoimmune diseases Immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Can attack many parts of your body Fatigue, muscle aches, low fever, inflammation Exact cause is unknown, but there is likely a genetic component More common in women 80+ types Graves disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) Rheumatoid arthritis Lupus Graves- hyperthyroidism MS- the myelin sheath around axons is destroyed Arthritis- synovium becomes inflamed and produces excess fluid Lupus- attacks organs