Interpret the Political Cartoon

GILDED AGE: INDUSTRIALIZATION TOPIC 4 IMMIGRATION

Essential Questions Identify and explain migration and immigration patterns that developed from the push-pull effects of industrialization and urban development in the 19th century. Compare and contrast the arguments surrounding the issue of immigration in the United States in the late 19th century.

THE NEW COLOSSUS Emma Lazarus    Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,    With conquering limbs astride from land to land;    Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand    A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame    Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name    Mother of Exiles.  From her beacon-hand    Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command    The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.     “Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!” cries she    With silent lips.  “Give me your tired, your poor,    Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,    The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.    Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me:    I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”

PUSH and PULL FACTORS By 1900, eastern and southern Europeans made up more than half of all immigrants. Of the 14 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, many were European Jews. America offered immigrants employment, religious freedom, social advancement, land ownership, and democratic ideals. Many fled their homelands because of religious oppression, political oppression, poverty, lack of economic opportunity, and the possibility of military conscription.

NEW AND OLD Old Immigrants (majority of immigrants prior to 1890) Northern and Western Europe Educated Protestant Democratic traditions New Immigrants (majority of immigrants after 1890) Southern and Eastern Europe Uneducated Catholic, Jewish, Eastern Orthodox Cultural differences

ASIAN IMMIGRANTS Predominantly Chinese and Japanese Attracted to the West Coast by the gold rush and transcontinental rail construction

COMING TO AMERICA Arrival and Processing Ellis Island: New York harbor (East Coast) Europeans Went through medical examinations: set aside in a cage and marked (ie: H for heart problems; X for mental disabilities) Angel Island: San Francisco Bay (West Coast) Asians Mainly young males who lived in barracks while awaiting processing Immigrants were welcomed as cheap labor by business owners, while American workers resented competition for jobs.

ANTI-IMMIGRANT SENTIMENT Define “nativism.” On the East Coast, old immigrants were disdainful of new immigrants, with their strange languages, religions, and dress. American Protective Association 1887: anti-Catholic Immigration Restriction League 1894: anti-New On the West Coast, where sentiment against the Chinese was very strong, widespread racial violence erupted. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 Workingman’s Party of California

AMERICANIZATION Social Gospel Movement Idea that the needs of immigrants and the poor should be addressed by churches. Americanization and Assimilation Absorbing immigrants into American ideals and culture (whether they like it or not!). Settlement House Movement Hull House: Jane Addams in Chicago, IL Henry Street: Lillian Wald in New York City

ESSENTIAL CONCLUSIONS Immigrants drawn to the United State in the last decade of the 19th century escaped horrible conditions within their own homelands to find many horrible conditions in American cities. The racism and nativism of American citizens (many of them immigrants themselves) pushed immigrants into the lowest paying jobs and worst housing tenements; nevertheless, reformers like Jane Addams attempted to help immigrants adjust to American life.

CHINESE IMMIGRATION NEW IMMIGRANTS