2007 Fed. Social Program expenditures Food stamps – $30.4 billion Sect. 8 Housing – $16.1 billion National School Lunch Program – $8.6 billion Head Start – $6.2 billion State Children’s Insurance Prog – $5.5 billion Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program – $5.3 billion Foster care (Title IVE) – $4.5 billion Child Care Mandatory & Matching Funds – $2.9 billion School Breakfast Program – $2.1 billion

Types of Federalism Dual Federalism Cooperative Federalism “Marble Cake” Federalism Creative Federalism New Federalism Regulated Federalism

Rules or mandates: “Carrot” or “the Stick” strategy Grant in Aid- Federal gvt. Provides money to states to do what the government wants: Categorical aid: Formula grant Project grant Block grant

Project Grant- State write proposals and compete to get the aid. Formula grant- States gets “x” dollar per qualleified person (AFDC or School’s Title One Program) Project Grant- State write proposals and compete to get the aid. For projects (road, airport, dams, housing, etc.) Block Grant- Federal gvt. gives state $ to complete big projects (i.e. infrastructure; CA high speed train ($ 6 Billion; Fed-3.3 Billion; CA w/ proposition 1A bond $2.6 Billion)

Mandates--The Stick! Could be funded mandates or unfunded mandates. EPA Civil Right Acts Social Security Act August 14, 1935 - Disability program added 1954

Unfunded mandates OSHA a national election Increasing the U.S. minimum wage Reducing federal funds to administer Food Stamps or other welfare programs Prohibiting states from taxing Internet services Requiring public transit agencies to upgrade security measures, training programs and background checks Requiring commuter railroads to install train control technology

Dual Federalism 1790s to 1930 Dual federalism, also known as "layer cake federalism" involves clearly enumerated powers between the national and state governments, and sovereignty in equal spheres.

Cooperative Federalism 1930 and 1960 "marble cake federalism," involved the national and state governments sharing functions and collaborating on major national priorities.

Creative Federalism LBJ’s “Great Society” "picket fence federalism," predominated during the period of 1960 to 1980. This relationship was characterized by overloaded cooperation and crosscutting regulations. LBJ’s “Great Society” (i.e. Fed. began expand grants to the States to mend economic and racial injustices) Water Qualification Act of 1965 Wholesome Poultry Act of 1968

What ended Creative Federalism Vietnam War Kent Sate University shooting Economic Crisis -Rise oil/gas -Recession People’s lack of confidence in the Federal Gvt. Regan Era—”New Federalism”

New Federalism This period began in 1981 and continues to 2001. referred to as "on your own federalism," is characterized by transfer of power from national to state governments: Deregulation

Regulated Federalism 2001-present Congress imposes legislation on states and localities, requiring them to meet national standards. NCLB Common Core Patriotic Act

No State may enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation. Interstate Compacts No State may enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation. However, the States may, with the consent of Congress, enter into interstate compacts—agreements among themselves and with foreign states. More than 200 compacts are now in force, and range in a variety of uses from sharing law- enforcement data to resource development and conservation.

There are two exceptions to the clause though: Full Faith and Credit The Full Faith and Credit Clause of the Constitution ensures that States recognize the laws and, documents, and court proceedings of the other States. There are two exceptions to the clause though: (1) One State cannot enforce another State’s criminal laws. And, (2) Full faith and credit need not be given to certain divorces granted by one State to residents of another State.

Extradition Extradition is the legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one State is returned to that State. Extradition is upheld through Article IV, Section 2, Clause 2 of the Constitution. Governors are the State executives that handle the extradition process. If a governor is unwilling to return a fugitive to a State, federal courts can intervene and order that governor to do so.

Privileges and Immunities The Privileges and Immunities Clause provides that no State can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents and those persons who happen to live in other States. States cannot, for example, pay lower welfare benefits to newly arrived residents than it does to its long-term residents, Saens v. Roe, 1999. However, States can draw reasonable distinctions between its own residents and those of other space, such as charging out-of-State residents higher tuition for State universities than in-State residents.