Unit 1 – Native Americans H1a&b. Students will locate where the Native American tribes live on a map and will explain how they used their environment as food, clothing, and shelter.

Three ways to provide food Hunters Some tribes sent members (usually men) to hunt animals that would provide food. Gatherers Some tribes sent members (usually women) to collect foods that naturally grew in the woods Agriculturalists Some tribes grew certain crops that would thrive in the specific climate they lived in Spring – plant the crops, summer – care for the crops, fall – harvest the crops and preserve surplus for winter

Two types of shelters Temporary Permanent Some tribes had to move around on a regular basis to follow their food source (hunters & gatherers) Hunters: Their food source migrated or they hunted all the animals in the area they were in Gatherers: They gathered all the available food in the area they were in Shelter requirements: easy to assemble, disassemble, and transport Permanent Some tribes planted, cared for, and harvested their food so they had to stay in one place (hunters & agriculturalists) Hunters: Sometimes, there were plenty of animals to provide for a tribe in one place Agriculturalists: They chose to plant crops that would survive in their particular climate Shelter requirements: long-lasting

Clothing Cold climate Warm climate For tribes who lived in a cold climate, they had to use resources from their environment that would keep them warm What do you think some examples might be? Warm climate

Inuit (Arctic) A

Inuit (Arctic) The present-day location of the Inuit is Alaska and NW Canada Their climate is unlike most other places in the world! Fall, winter, & spring all have the same climate – heavy snow, freezing rain, VERY cold for 9 months of the year! Summer – more like our spring which is short, cool, and rainy

Inuit (Arctic) All Native American tribes are masters of using what is available to them in their environment for food, clothing, and shelter. Think about the pictures of the Inuit’s environment…what is available to them? Snow Ice Caribou Seal

What resources did the Inuit use? Inuit (Arctic) What resources did the Inuit use? Food Caribou Fish Seals That means the Inuit were hunters. Clothing Caribou hides Seal hides They had to keep warm in their freezing climate. Animal hides were the best option. Shelter Winter: snow and ice (igloo) Summer: driftwood and caribou or seal hide (tent) They needed a different type of home in the summer because the snow and ice melted.

Kwakiutl (Northwest) B A

Kwakiutl (Northwest) The present-day location of the Kwakiutl is Alaska to northern California in between the Pacific Ocean and the coastal mountains Their climate is the same as the Nez Perce! Spring – short, warm, and rainy Summer – hot and dry Fall – short, cool, and rainy Winter – cold and snowy Interesting fact: They mainly settled by the river for spring, summer, and fall in temporary homes and then returned to the large houses during the winter

Kwakiutl (Northwest) All Native American tribes are masters of using what is available to them in their environment for food, clothing, and shelter. Think about the pictures of the Kwakiutl’s environment…what is available to them? Trees Berries Deer Salmon

What resources did the Kwakiutl use? Kwakiutl (Northwest) What resources did the Kwakiutl use? Food Salmon Deer Ocean Animals Berries Plants Roots That means the Kwakiutl were hunters and gatherers. Clothing Shredded cedar bark It often rained where they lived so they used cedar bark, which was waterproof, to make skirts, hats, aprons, and capes. Shelter Cedar bark (large houses) Entire extended families were able to live in large houses.

Nez Perce (Plateau) C B A

Nez Perce (Plateau) The present-day location of the Nez Perce is the plateaus of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington Their climate is the same as the Kwakiutl! Spring – short, warm, and rainy Summer – hot and dry Fall – short, cool, and rainy Winter – cold and snowy Interesting fact: They had permanent housing during winter & spring but temporary housing during summer & fall They eventually traded for horses from the Europeans – that is when they started hunting buffalo

Nez Perce (Plateau) All Native American tribes are masters of using what is available to them in their environment for food, clothing, and shelter. Think about the pictures of the Nez Perce’s environment…what is available to them? Trees Deer Salmon Berries Buffalo

What resources did the Nez Perce use? Nez Perce (Plateau) What resources did the Nez Perce use? Food Salmon Deer Buffalo Berries Plants Roots That means the Nez Perce were hunters and gatherers. Clothing Deerskin They were able to make dresses, moccasins, leggings, and shirts. They added fringe and seashells to decorate their clothing. Shelter Cedar bark (earth houses) Buffalo skins and wooden poles (teeepees) The Nez Perce built permanent shelters (earth houses) and temporary shelters (teepees).

Hopi (Southwest) C B D A

Hopi (Southwest) The present-day location of the Hopi is the plateaus of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington Their climate had the potential to go from one extreme to the other from day to night because they lived in the desert! Spring – long, moderate Summer – very hot and dry Fall – long, moderate Winter – generally short, some freezing rain Interesting fact: They developed the idea of irrigation so they could water their crops in the desert

Hopi (Southwest) All Native American tribes are masters of using what is available to them in their environment for food, clothing, and shelter. Think about the pictures of the Hopi’s environment…what is available to them? Desert They didn’t have much available to them so they had to get creative in order to survive!!!

What resources did the Hopi use? Hopi (Southwest) What resources did the Hopi use? Food Corn Beans Squash That means the Hopi were agriculturalists. They developed irrigation. They dug tunnels to water their crops since it rarely rained. Those crops are called “The 3 Sisters”. Clothing Flowers Grass Leaves They collected and weaved those resources to make clothing that would keep them cool in the hot desert. Shelter Adobe bricks and stone (pueblo) Pueblo is the Spanish word for town. They formed adobe bricks with mud and straw and allowed them to dry and harden in the sun. They used the bricks to build the pueblos.

Pawnee (Plains) C B E D A

Pawnee (Plains) The present-day location of the Pawnee is from Canada to Mexico and the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains Climate Spring – short, warm, and rainy Summer – hot and dry Fall – short and cool Winter – long, bitterly cold, and snowy Interesting fact: They lived in the area of The Great Plains where the grass could grow to 8 feet tall

Pawnee (Plains) All Native American tribes are masters of using what is available to them in their environment for food, clothing, and shelter. Think about the pictures of the Pawnee’s environment…what is available to them? Grass Buffalo

What resources did the Pawnee use? Pawnee (Plains) What resources did the Pawnee use? Food Buffalo Corn Beans Squash That means the Pawnee were hunters and agriculturalists. Clothing Buffalo hide They had to stay warm. Buffalo hide allowed them to do that. Shelter Buffalo skins and wooden poles (teepee) Bark, earth, and grass (permanent lodge) They had temporary shelter (teepees) for when they migrated to hunt buffalo and permanent shelter (lodges) for when they were tending to the crops.

Seminole (Southeast) C B E D F A

Seminole (Southeast) Does anyone here watch college football? What school is the Seminoles? Where is that school located? The present-day location of the Seminole is Florida Their climate is similar to our climate here in Georgia! Spring – short, warm, and rainy Summer – hot and humid Fall – short and cool Winter – usually mild, rarely snows

Seminole (Southeast) All Native American tribes are masters of using what is available to them in their environment for food, clothing, and shelter. Think about the pictures of the Pawnee’s environment…what is available to them? Trees Deer Rabbits Bears

What resources did the Seminole use? Seminole (Southeast) What resources did the Seminole use? Food Deer Bears Rabbits Corn Beans Squash That means the Seminole were hunters and agriculturalists. Clothing Grass Living in such a warm climate, they had to stay cool. Weaving grass allowed them to do so. What do you think they used when it got cold, though? Shelter Wooden poles covered with clay and bark (roundhouse) The shelter was used for the elderly and for celebrations.