Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis

Chapter 3 Spatial Interaction & Spatial Behavior Human Geography Chapter 3 Spatial Interaction & Spatial Behavior Insert figure 3.1 Photo by Mark Bjelland

Bases for Interaction A Summarizing Model Complementarity Transferability Intervening Opportunity Human Geography 11e

Bases for Interaction A Summarizing Model Complementarity For two places to interact, one place must have what another place wants and can secure Effective supply and demand are important considerations for exchange Insert figure 3.3 Human Geography 11e

Bases for Interaction A Summarizing Model Transferability Acceptable costs of an exchange An expression of the mobility of a commodity and is a function of three interrelated conditions: The characteristics of the product The distance measured in time and money penalties, over which it must be moved The ability of the commodity to bear the cost of movement If the time and money costs of traversing a distance are too great, exchange does not occur. Human Geography 11e

Bases for Interaction A Summarizing Model Intervening Opportunity Complementarity can be effective only in the absence of more attractive alternative sources of supply or demand closer at hand or cheaper Intervening opportunities serve to reduce supply/demand interactions that otherwise might develop between distant complementary areas For reasons of cost and convenience, a purchaser is unlikely to buy identical commodities at a distance when a suitable nearby supply is available Human Geography 11e

Bases for Interaction (cont.) Measuring Interaction Distance Decay The Gravity Concept Interaction Potential Movement Biases Human Geography 11e

Bases for Interaction (cont.) Measuring Interaction Friction of Distance Distance has a retarding effect on human interaction because there are increasing penalties in time and cost associated with longer distance, more expensive interchanges Distance Decay The decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin Human Geography 11e

Bases for Interaction (cont.) Measuring Interaction The Gravity Concept The physical laws of gravity and motion developed by Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) are applicable to aggregate actions of humans A large city is more likely to attract an individual than is a small hamlet Movement Bias Predictable flows making some centers more attractive to merchants and customers Human Geography 11e

Human Spatial Behavior Mobility vs. Migration Individual Activity Space Territoriality The Tyranny of Time Space-Time Prism Distance and Human Interaction Critical Distance Spatial Interaction and the Accumulation of Information Information Flows Information and Perception Perception of Environment Perception of Natural Hazards Human Geography 11e

Migration Principal Migration Patterns Intercontinental A reflection of massive intercontinental flows Intracontinental Movements between countries Interregional Movements within countries Rural-to-Urban Human Geography 11e

Migration Principal Migration Patterns Rural-to-Urban Movements of peoples from agricultural areas to cities; prominent during the industrial revolution Rapid increase in impoverished rural populations put increasing and unsustainable pressures on land, fuel, and water in the countryside Human Geography 11e

Types of Migration Insert figure 3.25 Forced Reluctant The relocation decision is made solely by people other than the migrants themselves Slaves were forcibly transferred to the Americas Convicts transported to other continents Communist relocations (USSR) Immigrants expelled (Uganda) Forced repatriation of foreign nationals Reluctant Less than fully voluntary Aggressive governmental relocation campaigns (Indonesia) Insert figure 3.25 Human Geography 11e

Types of Migration Voluntary Involuntary The great majority of migratory movements are voluntary Migrants believe that their opportunities and life circumstances will be better at their destination than they are at their present location. Involuntary Human Geography 11e

Controls on Migration Push & Pull Factors Push factors are negative home conditions that impel the decision to migrate They might include loss of job, lack of professional opportunity, overcrowding or slum clearance, or a variety of other influences Pull factors are the presumed positive attractions of the migration destination All the attractive attributes perceived to exist at the new location: safety, and food, perhaps, or job opportunities, better climate, lower taxes, more room, and so forth Human Geography 11e

Controls on Migration Place Utility Step Migration Chain Migration The measure of an individual’s satisfaction with a given residential location Step Migration Place transition Rural to central city A series of less extreme locational changes From farm to small town to suburb, and finally to the major central city itself Chain Migration The mover is part of an established migrant flow from a common origin to a prepared destination An advance group of migrants is followed by second and subsequent migrations originating in the same home district and frequently united by kinship or friendship ties Counter Migration Not all immigrants stay permanently at their first destination Return migration Human Geography 11e

Controls on Migration Channelized Migration Areas that are in some way tied to one another by past migrations, by economic trade considerations, or some other affinity Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration Most migrants go only a short distance Longer-distance migration favors big cities Most migration proceeds step-by-step Most migration is rural to urban Most migrants are adults and males Human Geography 11e

Insert figure 3.29 Human Geography 11e

Globalization Economic Patterns Political Patterns Cultural Patterns Human Geography 11e