TOPIC 1:TECTONIC PROCESSES AND HAZARDS (Lesson 18)

Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters? ENQUIRY QUESTION 2: Why do some tectonic hazards develop into disasters?

WHITEBOARD RECAP QUESTIONS And or video clips?.............

Last lesson’s specification content: 1.5 ‘Tectonic hazard profiles are important to an understanding of contrasting hazard impacts, vulnerability and resilience.’ a) The magnitude and intensity of tectonic hazards is measured using different scales ( Mercalli, Moment Magnitude Scake (MMS) and Volcanic Explosivity Index(VEI)

Last lesson objectives: To understand how different tectonic hazards and disasters are measured using a variety of scales: Earthquakes: Richter Scale, Moment Magnitude Scale, Mercalli scale Volcanoes: Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI) To recognise pros and cons of each and to be able to quote examples for each

Today’s specification content: 1.5 Tectonic hazard profiles are important to an understanding of contrasting hazard impacts, vulnerability and resilience. b) Comparing the characteristics of earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis ( magnitude, speed of onset and areal extent, duration, frequency, spatial predictability) through hazard profiles.

Today’s lesson objective To understand what a tectonic hazard profile is. To be able to compare and contrast different tectonic hazards for actual events.

WHITEBOARD /PAIRED WORK A tectonic hazard profile is a diagram which allows comparisons and judgements to be made on different types of natural hazards. Results from these help governments to develop disaster plans. If you were creating a hazard profile for a particular event from scratch ( such as the Haiti earthquake) what physical factors would you include? 3 mins

TECTONIC HAZARD PROFILES How big? ( Magnitude/ VEI?) How quickly did it occur? (Speed of onset) How long does it last for?( Duration) How much of the surrounding area is affected? ( Areal extent) How predictable is it? ( Spatial predictability) How often does it occur? (Frequency)

TECTONIC HAZARD (EVENT) PROFILES A tectonic hazard profile is a diagram that shows the main physical characteristics of different types of tectonic hazard. It could be developed for a single hazard or it could show multiple hazards, allowing comparisons to be made. Hazard profiles help governments and other organisations to develop disaster plans.

Examples of earthquake hazard profiles (See Hodder fig 2.9 p.20)

Comparing Tectonic Hazard profiles Using the hazard profile diagram shown on the previous slide and in fig 5 in the booklet the profile for 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami shows a high magnitude , rapid onset and widespread extent. Organisations using this profile to PLAN for FUTURE DISASTERS might focus on making sure that early warning systems reach all countries that might be affected. However, the disaster plan for the ongoing eruption of Kilauea, Hawaii, would probably be very different- the small magnitude and limited extent might lead the Hawaiian government to focus its efforts on developing evacuation plans for people living close to the volcano.

An example of a hazard profile in California Hodder Fig 2 An example of a hazard profile in California Hodder Fig 2.10 p21 ( different format)

A Comparison of hazard events in developed, developing and emerging economies ( Hodder Fig 2.11 p.21)

The Disaster Risk Index (DRI)

The Disaster Risk Index(DRI) This index combines physical exposure to hazards with vulnerability. The map shows how RISK VARIES globally, with the darker green colours indicating a greater degree of risk. The top countries at risk in terms of numbers killed per year( absolute) are the MOST POPULATED COUNTRIES ( China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh) whereas small island states( such as Vanutu, Dominica and Mauritius)come first in terms of numbers killed per million inhabitants per year ( relative)

TASK : INTERPRETING HAZARD PROFILES Fig 1.24 shows the tectonic hazard profiles of selected earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions for a developed country and an emerging/ developing country. Whilst the profiles may show that there are similarities in terms of physical characteristics ( e.g. magnitude) there are notable differences in the impacts on the areas which may be linked to LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT. There are higher financial costs of damage in developed countries, but it must be remembered that even small costs may be significant to the people, communities and governments of developing/ emerging countries ( as shown by GDP figures) which may create a dependency on international aid. Fatalities do appear to be HIGHER in developing/ emerging countries and this is linked to HIGHER VULNERABILITY.

WHITEBOARD PAIRED WORK WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GDP AND HDI?

Measuring Development using GDP The map shows GDP growth from 1990-2007 grow growth th

Measuring development - GDP One of the most common way of measuring development is by the use of gross domestic product (GDP) per head. GDP measures how wealthy a country is. However, average GDP/head has its shortcomings: it hides regional variations it fails to take into account local costs of living it does not measure the social and environmental cost of development.

The Human Development Index (HDI)

Measuring development – Human Development Index(HDI) The Human Development Index (HDI) is used as a measure of development. It is a more reliable and accurate measure of development as it is a much broader measure using several indices of well-being such as life expectancy and literacy levels and standard of living Developed countries such a Canada have the highest HDI, with values of over 0.9 Developing countries such as Afghanistan, Burkina Faso and Guinea are at the bottom with values of less than 0.5 As with GNP/head national HDIs can conceal inequalities within a country.

POINTS TO NOTE: FIG 1.24 The USA( Mt St Helens 1980), New Zealand(Christchurch 2011)and Japan (Tohoku 2011) have high Human Development Index (HDI) scores(0.914,0.910 and 0.890 respectively in 20130 and high GDP (Gross Domestic product) per capita ($55,904,$36,963 and $32,481 respectively in 2015) WHEREAS… Indonesia ( Indian Ocean 2004), Haiti (2010) and Montserrat(1995) in the Caribbean have lower HDI scores (0.684,0.471 and no data available, respectively as well as lower GDP per capita amounts ($3,416, $830 and no data available respectively). These countries are MORE VULNERABLE

TASK: PAIRED WORK:FIG 1.24 In pairs, on a large piece of A3 paper draw ( using different coloured pens)as accurately as possible EITHER the earthquake, tsunami or volcano profiles as shown (note that a log scale has been used for ease of data comparison) a) Compare your chosen paired hazard profile by using a description given in the key (high magnitude, fast speed on onset etc….) b) Do some research on the relevant tectonic hazard IMPACTS of your chosen profiles. Compare the social and economic impacts in your chosen developed/ developing or emerging countries. Why are they similar/ different ? c) Of ALL the tectonic profiles shown in fig 1.24 which one has the HIGHEST SEVERITY RATING? WHY? WRITE UP YOUR ANSWERS AND GIVE THEM IN BUT BE PREPARED TO SHARE YOUR IDEAS WITH THE REST OF THE CLASS NEXT LESSON!!!!