Chapter 8 – Aircraft in Motion

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THIS DAY IN AVIATION December 8 1938 — Germany officially launches its first aircraft carrier, the Graf Zeppelin. It was the only aircraft carrier launched by Germany during World War II and represented part of the Kriegsmarine's attempt to create a well- balanced ocean going fleet, capable of projecting German naval power far beyond the narrow confines of the Baltic and North Seas. Construction was ordered on 16 November 1935 and her keel was laid down on 28 December 1936 by Deutsche Werke at Kiel. Named in honor of Graf (Count) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, the ship was launched on 8 December 1938 but was not completed and was never operational.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION December 8 1940 — New York City experiences its first blackout and anti-aircraft exercise, around the Brooklyn Navy Yard.

THIS DAY IN AVIATION December 8 1964 — A United Air Lines “Caravelle” makes the first landing in the United States completely controlled by a computer (automatic touchdown).

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December 2016 27 28 Chapter 9 Navigation 29 30 Review Chapter 9 Test 1 SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 27 28 Chapter 9 Navigation 29 30 Review Chapter 9 Test 1 GEO CACHE Navigation 2 3   4 5 Chapter 6 Advances in Aeronautics 6 7 Chapter 6 Test 8 Chapter 8 Flight Line Friday Thursday Edition 9 Patriots Point Field Trip 10 11 12 Chapter 17 Aviation Careers 13 14 15 Savannah Tech Field Trip 16 Chapter 21 Rocket Fundamentals 17 18 19 20 Chapter 21 Test 21 Rocket Launch 22 ½ Day VACATION BEGINS 23 HOLIDAY 24

Questions / Comments

Chapter 8 – Aircraft in Motion

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify the two basic types of engines Describe the different types of turbine engines Describe functions of typical aircraft instruments. EQ: Describe an aircraft in motion and how the axes of rotation, flight controls, flight instruments and engines contribute to understanding flight.

Aircraft Engine

Aircraft Structures and Components Engines Two types Reciprocating Turbine

Aircraft Structures and Components Reciprocating -internal combustion engine Principle of Operation Cylinder is where fuel is converted into energy Intake Stroke - SUCK Cycle begins with piston at top center of the cylinder Compression Stroke - SQUEEZE As crankshaft drives the piston upward in the cylinder, the fuel and air mixture is compressed

Aircraft Structures and Components Principle of Operation Ignition / Power Stroke - BANG As the compression stroke is completed and just before the piston reaches its top position, the compressed mixture is ignited by the spark plug

Aircraft Structures and Components Principle of Operation Exhaust Stroke - BLOW On the second upward stroke, the exhaust valve is opened and the piston forces the burned gases out

Aircraft Structures and Components Principle of Operation Propeller is the action end of an aircraft’s reciprocating engine It converts the useful energy into thrust as it spins around and around. SUCK, SQUEEZE, BANG, BLOW

Aircraft Turbine Engines Four Basic Types Turbojet Turbofan Turboprop Propfan

Aircraft Turbine Engines Principle of Operation Take small amount of air in at intake and accelerate it to extremely high velocities through the exhaust nozzle

Aircraft Turbine Engines Turbojet Uses fan-like compressor blades to bring air into engine and compresses it Rotor blades bring in the air and push it backward Hot gases strike the blades and cause it to spin rapidly Spinning turbine is what causes the compressor sections to turn

Aircraft Turbine Engines Turbofan Principle of Operation One or more rows of compressor blades extend beyond normal compressor blades Much more air is pulled in than in a turbojet Much quieter and more fuel-efficient

Aircraft Turbine Engines Turboprop Principle of Operation Combines the best of turbojet and propeller aircraft Turboprop uses a gas turbine to turn a propeller. The gas turbine turns a propeller with twice the power of a reciprocating engine

Aircraft Instruments

Aircraft Instruments Engine Instruments Tachometer Measures speed (how fast crankshaft is turning) Oil Pressure & Temp Gauge Pressure / temp of oil

Aircraft Instruments Flight Instruments Airspeed Indicator Speed thru air – (pitot tube) Aircraft Altimeter Read in ft of altitude and calibrated to atmospheric pressure (SL – 29.92mb) Turn-and-Slip Needle indicates direction and rate of turn Ball in glass – quality of turn

Aircraft Instruments Flight Instruments Vertical Velocity (vertical speed indicator / Rate-of- climb indicator) Rate climbing or descending Attitude Indicator Provides artificial horizon

Questions / Comments

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify the two basic types of engines Describe the different types of turbine engines Functions of the fuel systems Describe typical functions of hydraulic systems. Describe typical functions of electrical systems. Describe functions of typical aircraft instruments. EQ: Describe an aircraft in motion and how the axes of rotation, flight controls, flight instruments and engines contribute to understanding flight.

Aircraft Structures and Components Engines Two types Reciprocating Turbine

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify the two basic types of engines Describe the different types of turbine engines Functions of the fuel systems Describe typical functions of hydraulic systems. Describe typical functions of electrical systems. Describe functions of typical aircraft instruments. EQ: Describe an aircraft in motion and how the axes of rotation, flight controls, flight instruments and engines contribute to understanding flight.

Aircraft Turbine Engines Four Basic Types Turbojet Turbofan Turboprop Propfan Principle of Operation Take small amount of air in at intake and accelerate it to extremely high velocities through the exhaust nozzle

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify the two basic types of engines Describe the different types of turbine engines Functions of the fuel systems Describe typical functions of hydraulic systems. Describe typical functions of electrical systems. Describe functions of typical aircraft instruments. EQ: Describe an aircraft in motion and how the axes of rotation, flight controls, flight instruments and engines contribute to understanding flight.

Systems Fuel Systems Everything that involves delivery of fuel Fuel Tanks Gravity Feed Uses gravity to cause fuel to flow downward Force Feed Uses a fuel pump to drive fuel from tanks to engine Fuel Lines – lines that distribute fuel from tanks

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify the two basic types of engines Describe the different types of turbine engines Functions of the fuel systems Describe typical functions of hydraulic systems. Describe typical functions of electrical systems. Describe functions of typical aircraft instruments. EQ: Describe an aircraft in motion and how the axes of rotation, flight controls, flight instruments and engines contribute to understanding flight.

Systems Hydraulic Uses fluid pressure to operate brakes, flight controls, and landing gear Electrical Generator attached to engine provides electricity to charge battery, start engine, operate radios, and navigation and landing lights

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify the two basic types of engines Describe the different types of turbine engines Functions of the fuel systems Describe typical functions of hydraulic systems. Describe typical functions of electrical systems. Describe functions of typical aircraft instruments. EQ: Describe an aircraft in motion and how the axes of rotation, flight controls, flight instruments and engines contribute to understanding flight.

Systems Hydraulic Uses fluid pressure to operate brakes, flight controls, and landing gear Electrical Generator attached to engine provides electricity to charge battery, start engine, operate radios, and navigation and landing lights

Today’s Mission Requirements Identify the purpose of the flaps, slats, and spoilers. Identify the types of Fuselage classification. Describe the three types of landing gear arrangements. Functions of the fuel systems Describe typical functions of hydraulic systems. Describe typical functions of electrical systems. Describe functions of typical aircraft instruments. EQ: Describe an aircraft in motion and how the axes of rotation, flight controls, flight instruments and engines contribute to understanding flight.

Aircraft Instruments

Questions / Comments

Lesson Closure - 3 – 2 - 1 2. List 2 things you have questions about today’s lesson. 3. List 3 things you learned today. 1. Create (1) quiz question with answer about today’s lesson.

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SAFETY FIRST. SAFETY ALWAYS.

Safety Rules – Safety Monitor Brief Must Use Safety Glasses Use of Cutting tools is Dangerous – AT ALL TIMES – knives only out when cutting Must Use Cutting Mats All Areas will remain clean and organized Plane Captains will insure All Areas will be cleaned and all items put back in proper locations 10 minutes prior to class ending Class safety monitor will insure areas are clean and safe at all times

SAFETY FIRST. SAFETY ALWAYS.

Questions / Comments

May 2013 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chapter 8 7 8 Patriot’s Point Field Trip 9 10 SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY 1 2 3 4   5 6 Chapter 8 7 8 Patriot’s Point Field Trip 9 10 Chapter 8 QUIZ Flightline Friday 11 12 13 14 Chapter 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 Chapter 9 QUIZ Chapter 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Chapter 17 29 30 31

Aircraft Turbine Engines Propfan Principle of Operation Thruster is like a ship’s screw vice a propeller Propfan combines air- moving efficiency of the turbofan with thrusting efficiency of the propeller

Aircraft Turbine Engines Ramjet and Scramjet Engines Principle of Operation Simplest form has no moving parts The force of inertia rams air into a streamlined chamber of a fast-flying ramjet

Systems Fuel Systems Everything that involves delivery of fuel Fuel Tanks Gravity Feed Uses gravity to cause fuel to flow downward Force Feed Uses a fuel pump to drive fuel from tanks to engine Fuel Lines – lines that distribute fuel from tanks

Systems Hydraulic Uses fluid pressure to operate brakes, flight controls, and landing gear Electrical Generator attached to engine provides electricity to charge battery, start engine, operate radios, and navigation and landing lights

Aircraft Instruments Navigation Instruments Compass Heading Indicator GPS Moving Map