The Unification of Germany and Italy Nationalism – Intense feeling of pride or loyalty to one’s group or nation. - Driving force behind unification effort

German Unification Early forms of unification Junkers Zollverein Influential aristocratic landowners Persuaded Prussia’s leaders to do away with Tariffs (breaks down trade barriers) Zollverein Economic Union Reduced tariffs, other trade barriers Made uniform system of currency, weights and measures

Prussia Otto Von Bismarck Appointed Prime Minister of Prussia by King William I Believed in strong central government and maintaining a powerful army Realpolitik (politics of reality) Blood and Iron speech War...if justified...could be used as a method of expanding German interests

Wars War Against Denmark (1864) Seven Weeks War (1866) Dispute over Schleswig and Holstein Defeated by Prussia and Austria Schleswig to Prussia Holstein to Austria Seven Weeks War (1866) Prussia vs. Austria Prussia wins Ended chance of Austria being in control of Germany North German Confederation (1867) North of Main River Southern States Mostly Catholic

Wars (Continued) Franco-Prussian War Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern offered Spanish throne Cousin of William I of Prussia Napoleon III against this move No Hohenzollern on Spanish throne War begins July 19, 1870 Southern states join northern states Prussians easily defeat French (4 months) Gain access to Alsace and Lorraine (France bitter)

Formation of an Empire German states officially united (1871) technically separate…but united too (Kind of like 13 colonies) William I Kaiser Bismarck Chancellor

The Unification of Italy

Early Unification efforts Italian Nationalism Risorgimento (resurgence or revival) Desire for national independence Spurs effort to unite Italy Young Italy Giuseppe Mazzini (founder) Leads uprising – Sicily (1848)

Piedmont (Sardinia) Count Camillo di Cavour Count Cavour Appointed Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel II Goals Industrial Growth Increase Piedmont’s national interest in foreign affairs by siding with foreign powers Not a military power (have to be more diplomatic than Prussia) Ex. - Supported France and Britain in Crimean War

War with Austria France joins Piedmont against Austria Lombardy to Piedmont Austria keeps Venetia Cavour’s success leads to more rebellion in other areas Tuscany, Parma, Modena, Romagna demand to be joined with Piedmont April 1860 Emmanuel II accepts the territories Savoy and Nice are given to France

Southern Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi South is United with North 1861 Leader of nationalist group (Red Shirts) in Southern Italy Exiled after being part of a revolt Went to South America (Brazil) – becomes an expert in guerrilla warfare 1860 takes control of Kingdom of Two Sicily's South is United with North 1861 Garibaldi yields to Piedmont New state of Italy proclaimed 1861

Venetia and Rome Italy allies itself with Prussia (at war with Austria) Acquires Venetia Rome acquired due to Franco-Prussian War French troops pull out of Rome Emmanuel II moves capital from Florence to Rome Italy formally recognized as independent state in 1871

Similarities and Differences Ways the two unifications are similar: Timing –similar time frame (1815-1871) Why? Congress of Vienna v. Enlightenment Both use military to achieve goals (involved in multiple wars) Two major kingdoms/prime ministers lead way for unification (Prussia/Bismarck and Piedmont/Cavour) Split between North and South Ways they are different: Prussia has a much stronger military force than Piedmont – Piedmont must rely more on alliances with larger powers Italian unification involves multiple leaders (Mazzini, Cavour, Victor Emmanuel II, and Garibaldi) and various nationalist groups to rally people. Bismarck is the dominant figure throughout German unification.