Unit 2 4ºESO

UNIT 2 VOCABULARY GRAMMAR PLACES AND LIFESTYLES: ADJECTIVES EVERYDAY PROBLEMS: VERBS AND VERB PHRASES GRAMMAR MODALS OF ADVICE AND OBLIGATION Ought to / should / shouldn’t Must / have to / mustn’t / need to / don’t need to / don’t have to MODALS OF PERMISSION AND ABILITY Can / may / be allowed to / could / be able to / manage to MODALS OF POSSIBILITY AND DEDUCTION Could / may / might / must / can’t PERFECT MODALS Must have / can’t have / might-may-could have /should have + past participle

VOCABULARY WHICH ARE THE BIGGEST CITIES IN OUR COUNTRY? BARCELONA MADRID BILBAO MÁLAGA

VOCABULARY WHICH ONE IS YOUR FAVOURITE? WHY? BARCELONA MADRID BILBAO MÁLAGA

PAGE 16 SB. “GUESS THE MEGACITY” CAN YOU PLACE THE CITIES IN THE MAP? WHAT CAN YOU TELL ME ABOUT YOUR CITY? IS IT ….. BUSY or QUIET DANGEROUS or SAFE GREEN or POLLUTED DULL (BORING) or LIVELY HISTORIC or MODERN UNFRIENDLY or WELCOMING URBAN or RURAL WEALTHY or POOR

VOCABULARY I (workbook page 27) BUSY QUIET DANGEROUS RURAL GREEN SAFE HISTORIC UNFRIENDLY DULL URBAN LIVELY WEALTHY MODERN WELCOMING POLUTED POOR

MODAL VERBS 1. FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE / BASE FORM VERB I can GO out tonigh because I passed all my exams She is able to PLAY the guitar You shouldn’t SMOKE, it’s dangerous 2. THEY DON’T CHANGE (No “s”, “ed”, “ing”) I/we/She CAN’T sleep EXCEPTION I’M able to do that / She IS able to do that …. I HAVE to wake up early/ She HAS to wake up early 3. NO AUXILIARIES (No “do”, “does”, “did”) I CAN’T sleep. CAN you sleep? What SHOULD YOU do? You SHOULDN’T smoke I MANAGED to finish the work but you DIDN’T MANAGE to finish it . DID Diana MANAGE to finish it on time? DO you HAVE to go to the gym? No, I HAVE to eat more vegetables and I DON’T HAVE to eat chocolate. She HAS to study more, she DOESN’T HAVE to make a new exam. DOES she HAVE to study at home? I HAD to buy a new car but I DIDN’T HAVE to buy a new house

LIST OF MODAL VERBS IN ENGLISH CAN/ CAN’T COULD/COULDN’T BE ABLE TO MAY/MIGHT SHOULD/SHOULDN’T-OUGHT TO MUST / MUSTN’T HAVE TO / DON’T HAVE TO NEED TO / DON’T NEED TO * MANAGE TO BE ALLOWED TO

MODALS OF ADVICE AND OBLIGATION You SHOULDN’T smoke You SHOULD eat less junk food and more healthy food NECESSITY You NEED TO study more to pass your exam You DON’T NEED TO wear your uniform outside the schoo

MODALS OF OBLIGATION OBLIGATIONS Must /Have to MUST + infinitive To talk about the feelings of the speaker, or written rules I MUST go to the doctor because I’m feeling bad, I think I MUST stop smoking too You MUST go to school, it’s the law HAVE TO + infinitive Obligations that other people have put in place (laws) You HAVE TO pay me the money you owe me She can go to the cinema but she HAS TO come back at 22:00

MODALS OF PROHIBITION PROHIBITION: MUSTN’T You MUSTN’T USE the mobile phone in the school NO OBLIGATION (DON’T HAVE TO/ DOESN’T HAVE TO) (DON’T NEED TO) You DON’T HAVE TO bring me a present from your trip She DOESN’T HAVE TO call a taxi , I can drive her home You have an exam next week but you DON’T NEED TO study, it ‘s just a listening test We are having a party on Saturday and she DOESN’T NEED TO bring anything we have already bought everything

MODALS OF PERMISSION AND ABILITY PERMISSION (CAN/ BE ALLOWED TO) CAN (present tense) You CAN go to the party because you passe all your exams You ARE ALLOWED TO enter because you are over eighteen ABILITY ( CAN/COULD/BE ABLE TO/MANAGE TO) CAN: present I can speak English now COULD : past I couldn’t speak it when I was 10 WILL BE ABLE TO: future MANAGE TO: something possible but suggesting some difficulty ( climb a mountain/ pass an exam…)

MODALS OF PERMISSION AND ABILITY ABILITY ( CAN/COULD/BE ABLE TO/MANAGE TO) CAN: present COULD : past WILL BE ABLE TO: future I CAN drive a car but I COULDN’T drive when I was 18 You WILL BE ABLE TO drive a car in a future MANAGE TO: something possible but suggesting some difficulty ( climb a mountain/ pass an exam…) I was studying for 6 years and finally I MANAGED TO get my degree

MODALS OF POSIBILITY AND DEDUCTION POSSIBILITY (COULD) She is late, it’s 24:00 and she hasn’t arrived yet. She MAY /COULD be lost I MAY go to Madrid this weekend, I’m not very sure about it DEDUCTION (/ MAY / MIGHT/MUST / CAN’T) Have you seen that boy over there? He MAY be Raquel’s brother. I saw them holding hands he CAN’T be her brother, he MUST be her husband MAY ( puede que) CAN’T ( no puede…) MUST ( debe)

Use an appropriate modal verb to compete each sentence DON’T HAVE TO DON’T NEED TO MAY NOT Owen _________________( not) do his homework because tomorrow is Saturday. Drivers ________________ stop at a stop sign. ________________ you make a copy for me? We _________________ leave now or we will be late. A: ____________ I use your laptop computer? B: Of course you _______. ______________ I go to the restroom, Miss Chang? I ________________ catch the bus this morning. My father drove me to school. MUST CAN/COULD SHOULD/ HAVE TO CAN CAN CAN/MAY/COULD DON’T HAVE TO

8. ________________ you answer the phone? 9. When I was young, I _________________ speak better English than now. You look pale. You ____________ go to a doctor. You have been driving for ten hours. You _______________ be exhausted. We _______________ rent a car. My father will lend us his. CAN/COULD COULD/ WAS ABLE TO SHOULD HAVE TO/ MUST DON’T HAVE TO

PERFECT MODALS can you see the difference between one and the other? You MUST CLEAN your room because it’s very dirty You MUST HAVE CLEANED your room if you wanted to go out tonight She MIGHT NOT MARRY Luis, she has many doubts She MIGHT HAVE NOT MARRIED Luis because I saw her kissing Carlos OBLIGATION , in the present DEBES LIMPIAR tu habitación porque está sucia DEBIAS HABER LIMPIADO si querias salir SUPOSITION, “Debias haberlo hecho” DOUBTS, in the present PUEDE QUE NO SE CASE con luis, tiene muchas dudas PUEDE QUE NO SE HAYA CASADO con luis, la vi besando a carlos PREDICTIONS from the past

PERFECT MODALS Can you see the difference between one and the other? She COULD SPEAK French when she was six She COULD HAVE SPOKEN French with my cousin from Paris You SHOULD LISTEN to the teacher (everyday) You SHOULD HAVE LISTENED to your teacher, he told you when the exam was Ella SABIA HABLAR francés cuando tenia 6 años ABILITY, in the past Ella PODIA HABER HABLADO francés con mi prima de Paris Lack of possibility/possibility of doing something ADVICE DEBERIAS ESCUCHAR al profesor ( cada día) DEBERÍAS HABER ESCUCHADO al profe, te dijo cuando era el examen An ADVICE that wasn’t taken

May/might/could + have + past participle PERFECT MODALS When we are not sure what happened in the past I can’t find my mobile. I might have left it at school. May/might/could + have + past participle When we had the ability to do something in the past but did not do it. I could have borrowed a bicycle, but I decided to walk instead Could have + past participle

Can’t have + past participle When we are sure that something did not happen. They can’t have closed the museum yet. It’s too early. Can’t have + past participle When we are quite sure about a past action. My maths homework isn’t in my bag. I must have left it at home Must have + past participle

Should have + past participle When expectations were not fulfilled He should have / ought to have told us he wasn’t coming. Should have + past participle When a piece of advice was not taken. You should have / ought to have been more careful. Should / ought to have + past participle

The Past Tense of Could = Could + Have + Past Participle We could have bought some snacks, but now there aren’t any. We could buy some snacks before the game starts.

The Past Tense of Couldn’t = Couldn’t + Have + Past Participle The cat couldn’t possibly eat more now. He couldn’t have eaten so much candy without getting sick!

The Past Tense of Would = Would + Have + Past Participle He would have liked the hike if he hadn’t been so scared. He would like to go hiking if he gets time off work.

The Past Tense of Should = Should + Have + Past Participle You should have obeyed the traffic rules. You should obey the traffic rules.

The Past Tense of Shouldn’t = Shouldn’t + Have + Past Participle He shouldn’t smoke. He shouldn’t have smoked in bed (because it caught on fire).

The Past Tense of Must = Must + Have + Past Participle It must have been hard for George Bush to be president. He was very unpopular. Barack Obama looks stressed. It must be hard to be president.

Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal I can ride a horse, and when I was young, I _____ride a pony. (ability in the past) I could ride a pony. (ability in the past) I can’t catch a ball. I _______ catch a ball, even when I was on a baseball team. (ability in the past) I couldn’t catch a ball, even when I was on a baseball team. (ability in the past)

Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal I’m having so much fun, I could stay up all night! (possibility) I was having so much fun last night, I ________ all night! (possibility in the past) I was having so much fun last night, I could have stayed up all night! (possibility in the past)

Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal They would buy a new car if they had enough money. (conditional) They _______________ a new car, but they didn’t save enough money. (conditional in the past) They would have bought a new car, but they didn’t save enough money. (conditional in the past) He wouldn’t leave his wife, even if he won the lottery today. (conditional) He ___________________ his wife, even if he had won the lottery last week. (conditional in the past) He wouldn’t have left his wife, even if he had won the lottery last week. (conditional in the past)

Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal We should go on vacation, before it’s too late. (advise) We ______________ on vacation, but now it’s too late. (regret about the past) We should have gone on vacation, but now it’s too late. (regret about the past) You shouldn’t break the company’s rules. (advise) You ___________________ the company’s rules – now you don’t have a job. (regret about the past, criticism) You shouldn’t have broken the company’s rules – now you don’t have a job. (regret about the past, criticism)

Let’s Practice! Fill in the blank with the past tense modal They look happy. Their team must be winning now. (logical conclusion) The game is over and they are cheering. Their team ___________________. (logical conclusion or 100% certainty) The game is over and they are cheering. Their team must have won. (logical conclusion or 100% certainty)

Questions? Would you like to ask a question? Could I help answer any questions?