Body Systems

Digestive System

Human Digestion Alimentary Canal Accessory Organs Mouth 1. tongue Pharynx 2. salivary glands Esophagus 3. liver Stomach 4. pancreas Small intestine 5. gall bladder Large intestine Rectum Anus

Process of Digestion Mouth – a. mechanical digestion – chewing b. chemical digestion – salivary enzymes begin carb digestion Pharynx – pharynx-throat with: tonsils and larynx Esophagus – Esophagus- tube connecting mouth to stomach peristalsis: the rhythmic muscular contractions that help push food throughout the digestive system Epiglottis- flap covering trachea to prevent choking

Stomach A. mechanical digestion – peristalsis is churning food B. chemical digestion – acid and enzymes 1. glands secrete: a. mucus – protects stomach lining b. acid - hydrochloric (kills bacteria) c. enzymes – pepsin begins protein digestion Growling: peristalsis can occur in an empty stomach, a signal to the body to eat something

Small Intestine A. Most chemical digestion takes place here. B. Absorbed in the small intestine: a. simple sugars digested by: b. fatty acids carbohydrases, lipases c. amino acids proteases and nucleases d. nucleotides C. The lining of the small intestine is covered with folds containing millions of tiny fingerlike projections called VILLI. This greatly increases the surface area for absorption.

Villi – increase surface area

Accessory Organs Along with intestinal juices secreted by the walls of the small intestine, other organs aid in chemical digestion: The liver – produces bile which emulsifies fats and oils 2. The gall bladder – stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine. The pancreas – produces enzymes needed for digestion in the small intestine.

Large Intestine (colon) A. Appendix – vestigal? Or preserving good bacteria? Functions of the Large Intestine: 1. Absorbs Water 2. Home for good bacteria that produce vitamin K 3. Form stool (undigested food) for elimination Rectum - stores and compacts feces Anus – end opening of the alimentary canal

Function of Digestive System Eliminating waste Absorbing nutrients Digesting food

Circulatory System The circulatory system is involved in transporting materials

The Circulatory System The circulatory system is composed of the heart and its associated blood vessels. Blood vessels of the circulatory system include: a. Arteries - carry blood away from the heart-Rich in Oxygen b. Veins – carry blood back to the heart-Poor in Oxygen c. Capillaries – micro-vessels between a & b 3. Blood carries oxygen, hormones and nutrients to all the cells of the body. It carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from the cells.

Heart and Circulation The heart has 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles It pumps blood to the lungs to get oxygen It pumps blood to the body cells to give: Oxygen, nutrients, and hormones Muscles in the body contract to help with circulation

Blood Cell Types Red blood cells – carry O2 to all cells White blood cells –fight infection Platelets – clotting to prevent blood loss Are transported in a watery fluid called blood plasma Makes up 55% of blood volume

Blood Functions 1.Transport Nutrients Gases Hormones 2. Homeostasis Warming Cooling Maintains pH 3. Protection Clotting Immunity

Human Respiratory System Nasal passages Pharynx/larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lungs Diaphragm

Respiration Cellular Respiration – cells need energy to do work. It is produced by the mitochondria in the form of ATP

Mechanical Respiration Respiratory System Alveoli – air sacs that make up the lung tissue. They are the site for gas exchange.

Lungs

Breathing

Human Respiratory System Nose Filters Warms the air Nasal Chamber Epiglottis Flap that covers trachea Prevents choking Trachea Lined with cilia to filter the air

Bronchi Bronchioles Lung Diaphragm 2 of them-lined with cilia to filter air Bronchioles Thinner tubes off of the bronchi Lung Filled with alveoli- air sacs Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli 300 million alveoli Diaphragm Muscle at the bottom of the lungs Inhale-diaphragm pulls down Exhale-diaphragm moves up

Capillary- Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the Alveoli Alveoli- Grape like sacs in lungs where gases get exchanged

Lung Diseases Asthma – spasms of the bronchi which cause breathing difficulty – often due to allergies Bronchitis – inflamation of the bronchi Pneumonia – viral or bacterial lung infection Emphysema – chronic pulmonary dysfunction often caused by smoking Lung Cancer – uncontrolled growth of lungs cells often caused by years of smoking

Skeletal System

Bones Dense, hard connective tissue consisting of living cells Give support and structure Stores nutrients Makes RBCs

Muscular System Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Muscles and Bones Connected by Tendons – connects muscles to bones can withstand tension but still flexible Ligaments – strong, fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones

Immune System- fights off disease

Immunity Disease is the failure of Homeostasis Bone marrow, lymphocytes, spleen, etc. Identifying and eliminating harmful pathogens in the body Destroys dead or dysfunctional cells within the body

Lymphatic System Lymph, Lymph nodes Filters plasma, helps maintain fluids around cells, moves immune cells throughout body

Inflammation

Excretory System Organs of Excretion: kidneys, bladder, skin

What does the excretory system do? Removes wastes from the body

Integumentary System Skin, hair, nails Acts as a barrier (only lets certain things in or out) Excretes waste

Nervous System Neurons, Brain, Spinal Cord Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System Transmits electrical signals throughout the body Enables the senses to work

Endocrine System Glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and pancreas), hormones Regulates body functions (growth, reproduction, homeostasis) by releasing hormones

Reproductive System Eggs, sperm, uterus, testicles, etc. Pass on genes, sustain life