Ancient Greece

Minoan Trade in the Mediterranean 2000-1400 B.C. Crete – island on edge of Aegean Sea Traded fine pottery, swords, precious metals “Stepping stone for cultural exchange in Mediterranean

Knossos – capital city Peaceful city – no fortifications King Minos – owned a Minotaur (half man – half bull) Wall Paintings – display graceful/athletic people - loved nature & beautiful objects Sports – boxing, wrestling, bull leaping

The Palace at Knossos

Minotaur

Bull Leapers of Knossos Sport? Fun Activity? Warrior Initiation? Religious? ALL OF THESE THINGS!!!

Minoan Fresco

Mysterious End 1200 B.C. - End of civilization Not sure why – - possible earthquake - maybe invaders - tidal wave - volcanic ash

The Mycenaean World

The Mycenaean World First rulers of Greece Government wealth through force Said to have fought in the legendary Trojan War

Mycenaean Trade

The Trojan War 10 year war against Troy Fought because Trojan man stole wife of a Mycenaean king Destroyed Troy with “Trojan Horse” Greeks built a “gift” for the Trojans The Greeks hid inside and at night when the horse was taken inside, the Greeks came out and destroyed Troy

How do they decline: Invasion of Dorians Invaded Greece from the north Myceanaeans weakened by infighting Dorians easily won using iron weapons

After this Greece enters a period of the Dark ages…...

The Geography of Greece

Geography Mountains 75% of Greek mainland protected and isolated limited contact between communities Effect: Greece never unites w/ one govt.

Geography (Cont.) Natural Harbors no place more than 50 miles from the coast Effect: many make living from the seas

Rules and Order in Greek City-States Because of geography Greeks did not develop political unity Created polis (city-states) Most city-states covered 50 to 500 square miles Home to fewer than 10,000 residents Acropolis – gathering place to discuss city government

The Acropolis Today

Greek Polis Types of Rule in City-States Rule by a king (Monarchy) Rule by a small group of people (Aristocracy) Rule by a few powerful people (Oligarchy) Rule by a tyrant- powerful individuals who work for the interests of ordinary people

Greeks Vs. Spartans Two most important city states!!!

Athens

Athens Builds a Limited Democracy P O L I T C A 621 B.C. – Draco ruled all Athenians equal under the law 594 B.C. – Solon establishes democracy All citizens participate in government Only males were citizens Outlawed slavery Created 4 social classes  top 3 could hold office Solon

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

Athens-Democracy (Continued) 500 B.C. – Cleisthenes organized citizens in 10 groups Created council of 500 Council members chosen at random Only free adult male property owners born in Athens were citizens Women, slaves, foreigners excluded

I Athenian Education N T E L C U A Athenian Males Sons of wealthy got formal education at age 7 Two years of military service at age 18 Active service is called hoplites (infantry) Right to speak and vote in the Assembly At age 30, could serve in the Council of 500 Women, very little to do outside of family life

Sparta Builds a Military State 2nd Most Important City-State Located near the Gulf of Corinth Very different from Athens Built a military state Conquered Laconia & Messenia Slaves became known as Helots Didn’t care about Democracy & Arts “Spartan” means highly self-disciplined

SPARTANS

Spartan Government & Society L I T C A Council of Elders 30 yr. old citizens: proposed laws 5 elected officials carried out laws Oligarchy 2 kings ruled Sparta’s military force Social Order Original inhabitants Noncitizens: worked in commerce/industry Helots: field & house servants Social

Council of Elders

SPARTA Helots  Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

Social Spartan Daily Life 607-371 B.C. Most Powerful Army Individual expression discouraged Men served in Army until age 60 Women physically conditioned to be healthy mothers ran- wrestled- played sports Women told men, “ come back with your shield or on it” had more independence than Athenian women Greeks admired Spartan discipline but didn’t want to live like them

Spartan Women Social

(Write on the Bottom of Notes) Conflict #1 : Persian Wars!!! Persian Wars __?_ v. __?__ Cause 1 Cause 2 Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3

Persian Wars: 499 B.C. – 480 B.C.

The Persian Wars Persians control all of Middle East Greek cities in Asia Minor rebel against Persians Athens sent ship to help them Battle of Marathon – 546 B.C. Darius (King of Persia) decides to conquer Greece and punish Athens 10,000 Athenians defeat 25,000 Persians  lined themselves in phalanxes Messenger sent 26 miles to deliver news of victory to Athens

The Battle of Marathon

The Phalanx

Battle of Thermopylae Xerxes, son of Darius, attacks Greece in 480 B.C. Persians overwhelm Spartans at Thermopylae 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass fought 3 days Persians capture Athens Set fire to Athens

Battle of Thermopylae

Pass at Thermopylae

Athenians Fight Back Defeat Persians at Salamis (naval battle) Athenians create Delian League Loose alliance of city-states: 200 of them Delos: island in the Aegean Sea Athens becomes headquarters and the dominant power in Greece Athens enters the Golden Age

The Acropolis Today