HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE Chapter 6-4 Charting a course for the Future http://www.claybennett.com/pages2/mistletoe.html

BIG ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ___________________ http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13808.greenhouse_effect_2.jpg

DEAD ZONES Map of Mississippi River REMEMBER ! When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input of limiting nutrient (ie., fertilizer runoff) the population increases dramatically = ___________ Map of Mississippi River

Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone The DEADZONE forms each April, generally grows throughout the summer, reaching a peak in late July. http://www.ncat.org/nutrients/hypoxia/hypoxia.html

Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/deadzone/index.html At its peak, the nearly lifeless water can span 5,000 to 8,000-plus square miles, an area almost the size of New Jersey

DEAD ZONES How do we HELP? Use modern technology and “green” farming methods to: Prevent erosion Decrease agricultural fertilizer use Decrease runoff of agricultural waste

OZONE LAYER Our atmosphere between 20-50 km contains http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_5/ozone_layer.html OZONE LAYER Our atmosphere between 20-50 km contains high concentrations of ____________ which protect us from the sun’s harmful ______________ radiation. http://pubweb.bnl.gov/users/xujun/www/bnl/ozone_layer_1.gif

EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION __________________________________ ________________________ of skin Reduces ________________ Disrupts __________________ in oceans Click here to see a movie about the effects of UV radiation WMV, 618K

Click here to see a movie WHAT WE KNOW Scientists have been monitoring the ____________ of ozone in our atmosphere and have discovered a hole in the ozone layer over ____________. Click here to see a movie about the ozone hole WMV, 616K http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/hole.html

The annual ozone "hole“ over Antarctica has occurred during the Antarctic Spring (October) since the early 1980s. Rather than being an actual hole through the layer, the ozone hole is a large area with extremely low amounts of ozone. Ozone levels fall by over 60% during the worst years. http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/facts/hole.html

Ozone depletion is a global issue NOT just a problem at the South Pole. Research has shown that ozone depletion also occurs over North America, Europe, Asia, and much of Africa, Australia, and South America. Over the U.S., ozone levels have fallen 5-10%, depending on the season. http://home.casema.nl/daveduijn/globe2.gif

What’s the cause of Ozone Depletion? Chlorofluorocarbon molecules _______ released from air conditioners, aerosol spray cans, fire extinguishers, and industry ________________ http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part3.html

OZONE DEPLETION HOW DO WE HELP? 1987- the _______________________ committed signing nations (including USA) to a ____________ in the use of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances. CFC production was _________ after 1995 in the developed countries, and later in developing countries. Today, over 180 countries have ratified the treaty.

THAT’S WHY . . . _____________spray cans no longer contain http://www.roundrocktexas.gov/images/spray_cans_large.jpg _____________spray cans no longer contain CFC propellants. Gases in ___________________ and _____________ are collected and recycled.

OZONE DEPLETION How do we help? We can't make enough ozone to replace what's been destroyed, but provided that we stop producing ozone-depleting substances, computer models predict natural ozone production reactions should return the ozone layer to normal levels by about 2050. This is the first example of different countries getting together on an environmental issue, agreeing on what to do, doing something, and seeing a positive effect http://www.gifs.net/image/Words/Wow/Wow_rotates/4031

Chemical Transformation Emissions to Atmosphere ACID RAIN What’s the cause?________________________ Chemical Transformation Nitric acid Sulfuric acid Condensation Emissions to Atmosphere Nitrogen oxides Sulfur dioxide Dry Fallout Precipitation Acid rain, fog, snow, and mist particulates, gases Industry Transportation Ore smelting Power generation Releases _______________ and ________________ into the atmosphere that react with water to produce ACID RAIN.

http://www.robl.w1.com/Pix/C900991.jpg http://www.geocities.com/kamil_pollutionpage/AcidRain.htm http://www.abc.net.au/quantum/scripts99/9905/img/asthma.jpg http://www.scienceacross.org/media/samplingforacidrainNOAAedSAW.jpg

ACID RAIN EFFECTS damages buildings and statues damages forests kills fish reduces biodiversity causes illness & premature death from heart & lung disorders like asthma and bronchitis

ACID RAIN HOW DO WE HELP? Develop a National energy policy that emphasizes use of alternative renewable energy sources Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels ~ conserve electricity ~ drive less Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency OR run on alternative fuels Recycle (uses less energy than starting from scratch)

GREENHOUSE EFFECT Temperatures of Earth remain within a range ______________ because the _____________ acts as a natural _________________ blanket. http://wwwstatic.bayareawritingproject.org/images/bawp41/earthAtmosphereIMG.gif

GREENHOUSE EFFECT Atmospheric gases such as ___________________ NORMALLY trap heat energy from the sun like a greenhouse = _____________________ http://www.acmecompany.com/stock_thumbnails/13808.greenhouse_effect_2.jpg

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE- Is it real? Some people say that the Earth has cycles of warmer/cooler climate change and that this is just part of that cycle. Most scientists believe that the increase in global temperatures is the result of human activities that have increased the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

1. "warming of the climate system is unequivocal“ In 2007 in Paris a U.N.- backed panel of international scientists issued a major announcement on climate change stating that: 1. "warming of the climate system is unequivocal“ 2. There is a 90% probability the cause “man- made”. Either way… our planet is getting warmer!

FACTS WE KNOW Global mean surface temperatures have increased 0.5-1.0°F since the late 19th century. 14 of the planet's warmest 15 years have all occurred since the year 2000 2014 hottest year on record Average temperature worldwide last year 0.9°F above the 1961-1990 average and 0.05°F above the 2001-2010 average http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en/thumb/8/87/280px-Instrumental_Temperature_Record.png

FACTS WE KNOW The snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere and floating ice in the Arctic Ocean have decreased. Graph & glacier pix: http://nsidc.org/sotc/glacier_balance.html polar bears: http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=35720&in_page_id=34

FACTS WE KNOW Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased steadily. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Major_greenhouse_gas_trends.png

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE WHAT’S the CAUSE? Burning solid waste, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), wood and wood products Production and transport of fossil fuels Decomposition of organic wastes in landfills Animal sources (methane) Deforestation (trees remove CO2 from atmosphere)

What’s so bad about warming up a little? We’re freezing here in S.D.!

___________________ What’s so bad about warming up a little? http://healthandenergy.com/images/global2.gif Cartoon from Brookings Register ___________________

Changes in ____________ What’s so bad about warming up a little? http://www.claybennett.com/pages/ocean_temps.html What’s so bad about warming up a little? Changes in ____________ http://zfacts.com/metaPage/lib/Atlantic_conveyor.jpg

More ___________________ What’s so bad about warming up a little? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2005/WEATHER/08/25/tropical.storm/story.katrina.915p.jpg More ___________________

Weather Extremes What’s so bad about warming up a little? http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/aaa_Dictionary_pictures/drought.jpg ________________________ Brookings Register

Changing habitats means ________________ What’s so bad about warming up a little? http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=35720&in_page_id=34 Changing habitats means ________________

_________________OF OCEANS http://www.conchaid.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/florida-keys-coral-reef-loss.png What’s so bad a little more CO2? _________________OF OCEANS Affects coral reefs and shelled sea animals http://www.biologyjunction.com/clip0051.jpg

What’s the Kyoto Accord? International agreement signed in 1997 Aimed at reducing global warming Participants asked to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a percentage below 1990 emission levels Set binding targets for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for countries to reach by 2012 37 industrialized countries which make almost 65% of greenhouse gases (GHG) were to decrease to ~ 5% less than 1990 levels (US target = 7%)

KYOTO is “OLD NEWS”! The ________________ is the only major industrial country that did NOT signed the Kyoto Accord. Standards set by Kyoto expired in 2012 Countries have been meeting since 2009 to decide what will happen next http://unfccc.int/meetings/items/2654.php

WHAT NEXT? NEW CLIMATE AGREEMENT More than 130 countries (including US and China) signed the landmark agreement to tackle climate change at a ceremony at UN headquarters on April 22, 2016 (Earth Day!) US pledged a 26-28% cut by 2025 compared with 2005 levels. It sets a collective goal of keeping global warming below 2° C compared to pre-industrial times, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5C. It requires all countries to submit plans for climate action and to update them every five years, though such plans are not legally binding.

Clean Power Plan Clean Power Plan sets achievable standards to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 32 percent from 2005 levels by 2030 and giving states flexibility of how they will meet these goals . Feb 2016 Supreme Court moved to temporarily block implementing the plan to limit greenhouse gas emissions from power plants. Federal court will decide lawsuit in June 2016

What is a CARBON FOOTPRINT? http://www.gifanimations.com/animation/MenuSelection/1/56 What is a CARBON FOOTPRINT? A ____________________ = the total set of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event or product http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/

The US is no longer the #1 CO2 emitter http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/eco/china-carbon-footprint.html but . . . we contribute to the problem.

Even if you don’t “believe” in global warming . . . http://matadornetwork.cachefly.net/bravenewtraveler.com/docs//wp-content/images/posts/20080418-planet.jpg Even if you don’t “believe” in global warming . . . Even if countries can’t agree on emission levels … we should still work to reduce our emissions of global warming gases BECAUSE . . .

THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! http://www.inkcinct.com.au/Web/CARTOONS/2005/2005-379C--last-fossil-fuel.gif THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! Fossil fuels are a limited resource… eventually they will be gone!

THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! http://healthandenergy.com/global_warming_cartoons.htm Our supply of fossil fuels is dependent on countries that are not “friendly” to the U.S.

THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! https://www.pinterest.com/pin/AXU_8yGrChFsoMxEHENwCXCcNfaWt5xKTeVop_gXC0bNpant1zzXx7k/ THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! Drilling for and transporting fossil fuels has negative environmental consequences http://s1.ibtimes.com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/embed/public/2014/07/14/oklahoma_chart.jpg http://i.imgur.com/ZjvIZhH.jpg

THINGS WE DO TO “FIX CLIMATE CHANGE” make sense anyway! Innovation and alternative energy technologies for automobiles and power generation are good for our economy https://www.iea.org/media/news/2016/news/MTRMRInfographic.png

THINK ABOUT IT Scientists are RIGHT about man-made Climate change Scientists are WRONG about man-made Climate change WE KEEP DOING WHAT WE ARE DOING- NOTHING! Environmental Disaster Consequences too awful to think about Still have other problems associated with fossil fuel use: pollution/acid rain/ dependence on our enemies WE WORK TO GET OFF FOSSIL FUELS CHANGES HELP TURN THINGS AROUND + solve other fossil fuel problems Solves other problems associated with fossil fuel use

http://www. climateactionreserve http://www.climateactionreserve.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/climatesummit.jpg

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HOW DO WE HELP? Watch your own carbon footprint Cut down on activities that use fossil fuels Drive automobiles with increased fuel efficiency OR run on alternative fuels Cut down on CO2 emissions (with or without the Kyoto accord) Recycle (uses less energy than starting from scratch) Reduce deforestation (plants use CO2)

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE HOW DO WE HELP? Power of one video Vote for leaders that support environmental issues Write to your representatives and tell them what you think Develop a National Energy Policy that emphasizes alternative energy and conservation Support funding for research on environmental issues and alternative energy production Encourage innovation and creation of new ideas, technology, and solutions to environmental problems Power of one video

WHAT DO WE DO WITH OUR TRASH? According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the average American produces about 4.4 pounds of garbage a day. That adds up to a approximately 220 million tons of garbage each year for all of us. This only takes into consideration the average household member and does not count industrial waste or commercial trash. http://blog.lib.umn.edu/stau0156/architecture/garbage%20can.jpg

PICTURE THIS: It would bury more than 990,000 football fields under six-foot high piles of waste.. http://wchs.warren.k12.in.us/athletics/Pictures/FOOTBALL%20STADIUM%20&%20PRESSBOX_gif.jpg . . . and that’s just the United States! http://www.wisegeek.com/how-much-garbage-does-a-person-create-in-one-year.htm

TRASH KILLS It has been estimated that over a million sea-birds and 100,000 marine mammals and sea turtles are killed each year by ingestion of plastics or entanglement. http://lh4.ggpht.com/abramsv/SBAxRydox-I/AAAAAAAAPOs/IWuOgznte9Q/fish_story_003.jpg http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Ocean/Sea-Plastic-LN-PG5oct05.htm http://saveourshores.org/files/md/Distorted-Turtle.jpg

PLASTIC IS FOREVER! PLASTIC IS MADE FROM FOSSIL FUELS! http://lowcarbonhome.info/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/plastic-garbageii.jpg PLASTIC IS FOREVER!

PACIFIC OCEAN GARBAGE GYRE http://earthfirst.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/floating-trash.jpg PACIFIC OCEAN GARBAGE GYRE Covers an area twice the size of TEXAS Estimated to contain over 100 million tons of debris Two linked areas on either side Hawaiian islands Western and Eastern Pacific Garbage Patches http://islandbreath.org/2008Year/05-environment/0805-08ThePlasticGyres.html

Why is the world's biggest landfill in the Pacific Ocean? See a video about the garbage gyre http://www.jadedthea.com/images/PacificGyre.gif

We Can’t Just Keep Piling it up in Landfills Recycling milk jugs into fence posts Recycling plastic into clothing We have to REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE

WE NEED TO START CONSIDERING THE EFFECTS ON OUR PLANET WHEN WE MAKE DECISIONS! http://www.claybennett.com/pages/earth_d5.html http://www.chrismadden.co.uk/eco/hourglass.html We are all connected

WE CAN’T COUNT ON OUR LEADERS to FIX THIS http://e360.yale.edu/images/features/stahl_0401_energy_policy.jpg

http://cdn.skim.gs/images/dws0o9mn3yft7sifgrz7/DonaldTrump_3 Our President is ONLY world leader who does NOT accept climate science as REAL!

Our Congress doesn’t accept the science 114th Congress Jan 2015 https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/624/0*m34Q_EYlCc812YY5.png

http://www.ecowatch.com/pruitt-confirmed-epa-2268448228.html SCOTT PRUITT

IT’S UP TO YOU, ME . . . ALL OF US! BUT YOUR GENERATION IS THE KEY http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/07/01/chapter-2-climate-change-and-energy-issues/

QUOTES This we know... the earth does not belong to man, man belongs to earth. All things are connected, like the blood which connects one family. Whatever befalls the earth befalls the children of the earth. Man did not weave the web of life – he is merely a strand in it.  Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself. ~ Chief Seattle, 1854

If you want to see an endangered species, get up and look in the mirror. ~  John Young, former Apollo astronaut A true conservationist is a man who knows that the world is not given by his fathers, but borrowed from his children. ~ John James Audubon, 1785 - 1851 It's not easy being green. ~  Kermit the Frog Unless someone like you cares a whole awful lot, Nothing is going to get better. It's not. ~ Dr. Seuss, The Lorax VIDEO