Unit Six Book II 郧阳师专英语系综合英语教研室

Contents of Unix 6 1 language structures: the adverbial clause 2 dialogue I: Work Ethics 3 dialogue II: Degree 4 Reading: Vitamins 5 Exercises

language structures You eat vegetables at every meal so that you’ll have enough vitamin C. The refrigerator is so heavy that you can’t move it to the other end of the room. No matter how painful it is, I can stand it.//I can stand it even if it is very painful. It was much worse than I had ever imagined. The more often he practices, the better he can speak English.

Dialogue I questions: Why did the caller telephone the Xi’an office of the Writer’s Association? What did the operator do in order to save the sick man? Do you think people like the operator can often be found? Why or why not? Students perform the dialogue

Dialogue II How to express degree A dialogue about the manners in the cinema Ask Ss to read the dialogues in advance and make dialogues in pairs and perform in the class.

Reading: Vitamins Contents I Background II Questions III Text structure IV The Writing style V Detailed study of the text VI Discussion VII Homework

I Background: vitamins Vitamins are chemical substances that our bodies must have. Only small amounts of vitamins are needed, but growth, good health, and even life itself are impossible without them. Our bodies manufacture some vitamins are obtained from the foods we eat.

Vitamins are obtained from the fruits. Vitamin tablets

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Vitamins

II Questions In what ways are vitamins important to us? Where can we obtain vitamins? Is it true that the more vitamins there are in our bodies the better? What is the discovery of vitamins linked to? What causes scurvy? What is an amine? When was vitamin A discovered? What are the “Basic Four”?

III Text structure Ask the Ss to divide the text into different parts. Then check. Part one (Para 1): The general introduction of vitamins Part two (Para 2--8): The discovery of vitamins Part three (Para 9): The normal diet and the “Basic Four”

IV The Writing style Narration is the form of discourse generally used in novels, short stories and plays. Narrative writing tells a story, either briefly or at some length. In a narrative piece of writing , the sequential occurrence of events is vital . Vitamins is a short narrative writing about how the vitamins are discovered and it is arranged according to the time.

V Detailed study of the text Part one: Introduction of four characters mentioned in the text 1. Richard Hawkins (1562-1622) details 2. Dr. James Lind (1716--1794) details 3. Christiann Eijkman(1858--1930) details 4. Casimir Funk (1884--1967) details Part Two: Language points

1. Richard Hawkins (1562-1622) Richard Hawkins, son of John Hawkins, continued the family tradition of profiteering at sea. After an early voyage to Brazil with his uncle, in 1585 he sailed with Drake to attack Spanish settlements in the Caribbean and on the Florida coast. In 1593, he left England in a ship his mother had originally and rather wistfully named the Repentance, but which Queen Elizabeth renamed the Dainty. He crossed the Atlantic and sailed through the Strait of Magellan like Drake before him. In this voyage he fed his seamen with the juice of citrus fruits, which saved the sailors’ lives. This proved that vitamins can keep people from survey.

Dr. James Lind (1716--1794) James Lind was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the son of a merchant. At age 15 he was apprenticed to a physician and in 1739 passed the examination for surgeon's mate in the Royal Navy. In 1753, he published his classic work "A Treatise of the Scurvy". James Lind, a pioneer in the field of scurvy prevention.

Dr. James Lind and scurvy The picture describes the moment when James Lind treated patients with scurvy. "On the 20th of May, 1747," the Treatise begins, "I took twelve patients in the scurvy on board the Salisbury at sea. Their cases were as similar as I could have them." Lind went on to describe a classic therapeutic experiment on sailors with scurvy in which various proposed remedies were tested as antiscorbutics. His experiment provided clear evidence of the curative value of oranges and lemons and was also the first example of a controlled clinical nutrition study using human subjects.

Christiann Eijkman(1858--1930) He discovered that the real cause of beriberi was the deficiency of some vital substance in the staple food of the natives, which is located in the so-called "silver skin" (pericarpium) of the rice. This discovery has led to the concept of vitamins. This important achievement earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1929.

Casimir Funk (1884--1967) Polish-born US biochemist who pioneered research into vitamins. He was the first to isolate niacin (nicotinic acid, one of the vitamins of the B complex). Funk proposed that certain diseases are caused by dietary deficiencies. In 1911 he demonstrated that rice extracts cure beriberi in pigeons. As the extract contains an amine, he mistakenly concluded that he had discovered a class of 'vital amines', a phrase soon reduced to 'vitamins'. More details on four characters.

Casimir fruits Funk failed to find the factor that prevents beriberi in human beings - thiamin, or vitamin B1 - but once it had been isolated by Robert Williams (1886-1965), Funk determined its molecular structure 1936 and developed a method of synthesizing it. He suggests that people should have different fruits so as to obtain enough vitamins our body needs.

Language points 1. manufacture a) to make or produce by machinery, esp. in large quantities For example: This factory manufactures pens for students. Many countries sell manufactured goods abroad. b) to invent (an untrue story, reason, etc.) Thomson manufactured a story to explain why he was absent from the meeting last Monday. Manufacturer: a person or firm responsible for manufacturing goods Manufacturing industry

Language points 2. The discovery of vitamins is an exciting chapter in the history of science. Chapter: a) one of the main divisions of a book or long article, usu. having a number or title. The novel is so interesting that Jack finished reading 3 chapters without stop. b) a special period in history; number of connected happenings Was the period of the empire the finest chapter in British history?

Language points 3..The beginning of the story goes back hundreds of years to …… go back: a) to reach backwards in time My family goes back to the 18th century. b) to return to a place one has been in Let’s go back home now. c) to return in talk, thought, etc. Let’s go back to what the chairman said earlier. d) (of plants) to fail to grow Our roses went back a little in the dry weather.

Language points 4. …… they died of a disease called scurvy. die of: refers to the death caused by thirst, heat, grief, poison, a fall, the bite of a snake, disappointment, old age, cancer etc. die from: indicates dying for injury, accident or other uncertain reasons. die through: indicates dying for some passive or accidental reasons. die by: indicates dying for some violent or murderous reasons.

What is scurvy? Scurvy, also called vitamin C deficiency, is of the most serious diseases affecting teenagers today. It is caused by a dietary lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), a nutrient found in many fresh fruits and vegetables, particularly the citrus fruits. Ascorbic acid is important in the formation of collagen (an element of normal tissues), and any deficiency interferes with normal tissue synthesis.

Scurvy

Language points 5…… it wiped out scurvy in the British Navy. wipe out: a) = wipe off, to get rid of on purpose to wipe off a debt b) to clean inside to wipe the bath out c) to destroy all of The enemy wiped out the whole nation. 6. The vitamin B complex Complex: n. a system consisting of a large number of closely related parts.

Language points 7. The members of the group were given the designations B1, B2 and so on. Designation: a) the act of designating the designation of Smith as the man for the job. [C] fml a name, title, or description of a particular thing or person Due to his marvelous skills, Franklin was given the designation “Master Franklin”. Designate: a) to point out or call by a special name These x-marks on the drawing designate all the possible entrances to the castle grounds. to appoint (for special work) I am designating you to act for me while I am away.

A healthy diet No one type of food contains all the vitamins that we need. This is why the diet of a normal, healthy person should regularly include dairy products, meats, fruits and vegetables, and cereal products. These four groups are called the “Basic Four”. A variety of foods should be chosen within each group rather than restricting the choice to one or two items in a group. In this way there is an adequate supply of minerals and other nutrients in addition to vitamins.

VI Discussion Divide the Ss into groups and ask them to discuss the following: 1. The usage of vitamins 2. How do you obtain vitamins? 3. What can we get from the discovery of vitamins?

VII Homework 1. Finish the exercises in the textbook and workbook 2. Surf on line and seek for more information on vitamins, the exchange the ideas with your classmates.

Wish you a normal and healthy diet. Thank You!!